How can immunity be developed?
By vaccination using antigens from infectious pathogens, creating memory cells.
What are the antigens used in vaccines?
Inactivated toxins, dead pathogens, parts of pathogens, or weakened pathogens.
What are antigens mixed with when producing a vaccine?
An adjuvant.
What is an adjuvant?
A substance that makes the vaccine more effective by enhancing the immune response.
What is an example of immunity from an inactivated toxin?
Tetanus.
What is an example of immunity from a weakened pathogen?
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella).
What is an example of immunity from a dead pathogen?
Polio.
What is an example of immunity from parts of a pathogen?
HPV vaccine against cervical cancer.
What is the difference between vaccination and immunisation?
Vaccination introduces antigens; immunisation is the immune response that follows, producing protection.
When does herd immunity occur?
When a large percentage of a population is immunised.
Why is herd immunity important?
It reduces disease spread and protects vulnerable or non-immune individuals.
How does herd immunity protect non-immune individuals?
Lower probability of contact with infected individuals.
What does the herd immunity threshold depend on?
Disease type, vaccine effectiveness, and population density.
When can difficulties occur with widespread vaccination?
Poverty in developing countries or vaccine rejection in developed countries.
What is antigenic variation?
When pathogens change their antigens so memory cells are no longer effective.
Why is influenza a major public health problem?
Antigenic variation occurs, so at risk individuals require vaccination every year.
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Unit 1-Division And Differentiation In Human Cells26
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Unit 1-Structure And Replication Of DNA33
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Unit 1-Gene Expression30
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Unit 1-Mutations30
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Unit 1-Human Genomics10
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Unit 1-Metabolic Pathways30
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Unit 1-Cellular Respiration34
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Unit 1-Energy Systems In Muscle Cells24
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Unit 2-Gamete Production And Fertilisation32
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Unit 2-Hormonal Control of Reproduction23
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Unit 2-The Biology Of Controlling Fertility24
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Unit 2-Antenatal And Postnatal Screening62
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Unit 2-The Structure And Function of Arteries, Capillaries And Veins31
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Unit 2-The Structure And Function Of The Heart58
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Unit 2-Pathology Of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)38
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Unit 2-Blood Glucose Levels And Obesity35
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Unit 3-Divisions Of The Nervous System And Neural Pathways31
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Unit 3-The Cerebral Cortex7
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Unit 3-Memory25
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Unit 3-The Cells Of The Nervous System And Neurotransmitters At Synapses31
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Unit 3-Non-Specific Body Defences27
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Unit 3-Specific Cellular Defences Against Pathogens34
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Unit 3-Immunisation16
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Unit 3-Clinical Trials Of Vaccines And Drugs11
