Unit 3 PAL

Question 1

when did plants move to land?

Answer 1

450-500 mya

Question 2

list 3 challenges that plants faced on land

Answer 2

• dessication (drying out)
• water and nutrient supply and transport
• distributing gametes and progeny

Question 3

how did plants avoid dessication?

Answer 3

• cuticle

- stomata

Question 4

waxy coating that slows water loss

Answer 4

cuticle

Question 5

tiny pore; regulates gas exchange

Answer 5

stomata

Question 6

how did plants solve the water and nutrient transport problem?

Answer 6

by not getting too big and with vascular structures

Question 7

how do nonvascular plants distribute gametes

Answer 7

flagella (need H2O)

Question 8

how do nonvascular plants distribute progeny

Answer 8

haploid spores (wind)

Question 9

how do vascular (SEEDLESS) plants distribute gametes

Answer 9

flagella (need H2O)

Question 10

how do vascular (SEEDLESS) plants distribute progeny

Answer 10

haploid spores (wind)

Question 11

how do vascular (SEED) plants distribute gametes

Answer 11

pollen (wind)

Question 12

how do vascular (SEED) plants distribute progeny

Answer 12

diploid seeds (wind/seed, predation)

Question 13

how do vascular (flowers) plants distribute gametes

Answer 13

pollen (wind./pollinators)

Question 14

how do vascular (flowers) plants distribute progeny

Answer 14

diploid seeds (wind, seed, predation)

Question 15

what are the similarities between liverworts, mosses, and hornworts?

Answer 15

• lack true leaves, stems, and roots
• lack a vascular transport system
• have a thin cuticle (or nonexistent)
• live in a moist habitat

Question 16

describe liverworts

Answer 16

• 9000 species
• gametophyte dominant
• reproduce both sexually and asexually (gemmae)

Question 17

describe mosses

Answer 17

• 15000 species
• have stomata
• gametophytes begin as branched, filamentous structures called protonema
• peat

Question 18

describe hornworts

Answer 18

• 100 species

- gametophytes are flat plates of cells

Question 19

what are the components of the vascular system?

Answer 19

xylem and phloem

Question 20

what is the specific function of xylem?

Answer 20

• transports H2O and minerals from soil
• one way flow only
• cell walls have lignin for support

Question 21

what is the specific function of phloem?

Answer 21

• transports products of photosynthesis

- two way flow

Question 22

monocot stem

Answer 22

vascular bundles scattered

Question 23

monocot root

Answer 23

vascular bundles in ring (in center)

Question 24

dicot stem

Answer 24

vascular bundles in ring

Question 25

dicot root

Answer 25

xylem forms "x", phloem around it

Question 26

What is a new way that vascular plants were able to meet the challenges of water/nutrient transport and support?

Answer 26

got taller--> able to get more light and was beneficial for spore dispersal

Question 27

What are the three phyla of seedless vascular plants?

Answer 27

- lycophyta: club mosses - sphenophyta: horsetails - pterophyta: ferns

Question 28

Are vascular plants gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?

Answer 28

sporophyte

Question 29

Describe lycophyta

Answer 29

- club mosses - strobili - microphylls - true roots

Question 30

strobili

Answer 30

clusters containing spores

Question 31

microphylls

Answer 31

leaflike structures; look like spirals on the stem

Question 32

sphenophyta

Answer 32

- horsetails - all species in genus equistum - leaves grow in whorls - silica in cell walls

Question 33

pterophyta

Answer 33

- ferns - leaves can grow to 30 m - spores within sori

Question 34

what is overtopping?

Answer 34

- new branches grow beyond others - advantage for photosynthesis - formed photosynthetic tissues

Question 35

example of photosynthetic tissues

Answer 35

megaphyll

Question 36

what did megaphyll aid with

Answer 36

increased photosynthetic surface area

Question 37

define gymnosperm

Answer 37

"naked seed" | -ovule is not protected by an ovary, seeds not protected by fruit

Question 38

list two innovations of seed plants

Answer 38

seeds and woody tissue

Question 39

why was the evolution of woody tissue important?

Answer 39

- allowed secondary growth (horizontal/width) | - extra support allowed plants to get taller (light)

Question 40

list three phyla of gymnosperms

Answer 40

- cycadophyta (300 species-atrium) - ginkgophyta (only one living, ginkgo biloba) - coniferophyta (700 species)

Question 41

what is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

Answer 41

pollination: pollen grain lands near female gametophyte fertilization: a pollen tube tunnels to megagametophyte

Question 42

what are the three parts of a seed?

Answer 42

- seed coat - food supply - embryo

Question 43

seed coat

Answer 43

develops from integument

Question 44

food supply

Answer 44

female gametophyte

Question 45

embryo

Answer 45

new diploid sporophyte generation

Question 46

why was the evolution of seeds such an innovation?

Answer 46

- they are protected resting stages and can remain resting for years and germinate when conditions are favorable - seed coat prevents the seed from drying out - have adaptations for dispersal

Question 47

define angiosperm

Answer 47

"covered seeds", flowering plants

Question 48

list the 6 synapomorphies of angiosperms

Answer 48

- flowers - ovules and seeds enclosed in carpel - pollen on a stigma - double fertilization - endosperm - fruit

Question 49

What term is used for grouped flowers?

Answer 49

inflorescence

Question 50

what is the difference between a perfect and an imperfect flower?

Answer 50

perfect flower- have both mega and microsporangia | imperfect flower- have one or the other, not both

Question 51

What are the advantages of perfect flowers?

Answer 51

flower can pass on genes in two different ways; can pollinate and be pollinated

Question 52

What are the disadvantages of perfect flowers?

Answer 52

self fertilization

Question 53

Describe double fertilization

Answer 53

- two sperm reach megagametophyte - --1 fertilizes the egg and the embryo is formed - --1 "fertilizes" central cell and forms triploid (3n) endosperm

Question 54

Define endosperm

Answer 54

surrounding food source for the developing embryo

Question 55

what is fruit? and how does it benefit plants?

Answer 55

fruit- developed ovary and seed | advantages- protects seeds, useful for dispersal (animals, wind/water)