A developmental phase where children communicate using single words to convey whole ideas, usually occurring around 12 months.
One-Word Stage
A form of speech used by young children that consists of short, simple sentences, omitting unnecessary words while retaining the main meaning.
Telegraphic Speech
A mental framework or structure that helps organize and interpret information.
Schema
A psychologist known for his sociocultural theory of cognitive development, emphasizing the role of social interaction and culture in learning.
Lev Vygotsky
A Swiss psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development in children, which outlines how children think and reason as they grow.
Jean Piaget
A system of symbols and rules used for communication.
Language
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, occurring from birth to approximately 2 years, where infants learn through interacting with their environment.
Sensorimotor Stage
Piaget’s fourth stage, beginning around age 12, where individuals develop the ability to think abstractly and reason hypothetically.
Formal Operational Stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, from about 2 to 7 years, characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism but lacking logical reasoning.
Preoperational Stage
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, occurring from about 7 to 11 years, where children begin to think logically about concrete events.
Concrete Operational Stage
The ability to recognize that actions can be reversed, returning to the original state or condition.
Reversibility
The ability to use learned knowledge and experience, often increasing with age.
Crystallized Intelligence
The adjustment of existing schemas to incorporate new information that cannot fit into existing frameworks.
Accommodation
The application of grammatical rules inappropriately, such as using “goed” instead of “went.”
Overgeneralization
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Syntax
The capacity to reason and solve new problems independently of previously acquired knowledge, typically declining with age.
Fluid Intelligence
The early stage of language development in infants, characterized by the production of soft vowel sounds.
Cooing
The inability to see a situation from another person’s perspective, commonly seen in young children.
Egocentrism
The mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, memory, and problem-solving.
Cognition
The process of incorporating new experiences into existing schemas without changing the schema.
Assimilation
The range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance but not yet independently, highlighting the potential for learning.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
The set of rules that govern the structure of sentences in a language.
Grammar
The smallest units of meaning in a language, which can be words or parts of words.
Morphemes
The smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another.
Phonemes
