Unit 3 Terms

Question 1

Republican Motherhood

Answer 1

• attitude toward women’s roles present in emerging US before, during and after the Revolution
• patriots’ daughters should be raised to uphold the ideas of republicanism

Question 2

The “critical period”

Answer 2

• a period in which America faced economic, political and social chaos
• attempted to define itself as a strong country.

Question 3

Annapolis Convention

Answer 3

• convention in which 12 delegates from 5 states (NJ, NY, PA, DE, VA) gathered
• they discussed and developed a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers

Question 4

Federalist Papers

Answer 4

• Collection of essays
• explained how the new government and constitution would work.
• John Jay, Hamilton and Madison wrote the essays
• they wanted to get NY state legislature to approve the constitution which they did

Question 5

Shay’s Rebellion

Answer 5

• protests by American farmers and state
• it was again state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgements for debt
• name came from leader Daniel Shays from Mass.
• took place in 1786-1787

Question 6

Northwest Ordinance

Answer 6

• first organized territory of the US
• included lands beyond the App. Mountains, between British Canada and the Great Lakes to the north and Ohio River to south

Question 7

Alexander Hamilton

Answer 7

• money man, Founding Father
• Chief aide to general Washington
• one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the Constitution
• founder of nation’s financial system
• Federalist Party founder
• founder of NY post

Question 8

Whiskey Rebellion

Answer 8

• tax protest during Washington’s presidency
• first tax imposed on a domestic product by newly formed gov.
• intended to help get rid of debt
• it was an armed rebellion in which people rebelled against the tax
• 1791-1794

Question 9

Land Ordinance of 1785

Answer 9

• standardized system= settlers could purchase farmland title
• land sales provided revenue stream for congress

Question 10

Genêt Affair

Answer 10

• Edmond-Charles Genêt was dispatched by French assembly
• they wanted him to enlist American support for French wars
• 1793-1794

Question 11

Benjamin Benneker

Answer 11

• African American almanac author, surveyor, naturalist and farmer
• mainly self-taught
• known for being a part of a group led by Andrew Ellicott that surveyed borders of DC

Question 12

Compact theory

Answer 12

• 13 colonies entered into contract about jurisdiction
• individual states= final judges of national gov. actions
• theory= basis for VA and KY Resolutions passed in 1798

Question 13

Enumerated powers

Answer 13

• items found in Article I, Sec 8 of the Constitution
• set form of the authority of the Congress
• congress may exercise the powers that the Constitution grants it

Question 14

Pinckney’s Treaty

Answer 14

• established intentions of friendship between US and Spain
• defined boundaries of the US with the Spanish colonies
• guaranteed the US navigation rights on the Miss. River

Question 15

“Strict constructionist”

Answer 15

• person who favors giving a narrow conservative construction of a given doc or instrument
• favor a strict constitution of the US
• limits or restricts judicial interpretation

Question 16

“Farewell Address”

Answer 16

• letter written by Washington to the “people of the USA”
• wrote near the end of 2nd term as President
• classic statement of republicanism
• warned America of the political dangers they can and must avoid if they are to remain true to their values
• 1796

Question 17

Jay’s Treaty

Answer 17

• treaty between the US and Britain
• credited with credited with averting war
• resolves issues remaining since Treaty of Paris of 1783
• facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between US and Britain
• 1795

Question 18

American Colonization Society

Answer 18

• founded by groups otherwise opposed to each other on issue of slavery
• ACS intended to support free African Americans
• presence served as “perpetual excitement” to enslaved blacks and threatened slave societies in south
• 1816

Question 19

1st Bank of US (debate)

Answer 19

• Hamilton’s bank proposal faced resistance from Jefferson and Madison
• claimed the bank was unconstitutional
• benefitted merchants/investors at the expense of the majority of pop.

Question 20

Orders in Council

Answer 20

• type of legislation in many countries

- in the UK, this legislation is made in the name of the Queen by the Privy Council

Question 21

Anti-Federalists

Answer 21

• movement that opposed the ratification of the 1787 constitution
• Articles of Confederation gave state governments more authority
• they wanted the Bill of Rights and wouldn’t sign constitution w/o it

Question 22

Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 22

• four bills passed by the Federalist dominated 5th US congress
• signed into law by Federalist president John Adams in 1798
• made it harder for immigrants to become citizens
• allowed president to imprison and deport non citizens who were deemed dangerous or from a hostile nation

Question 23

Nullification

Answer 23

• theory that state has right to nullify or invalidate any federal law the state has deemed unconstitutional
• never been legally upheld by federal courts

Question 24

Bill of Rights

Answer 24

• first ten amendments of the Constitution
• created in 1789 and ratified in 1791
• James Madison was the author

Question 25

"Loose constructionist"

Answer 25

- favoring a liberal construction of the constitution | - broader power to federal government

Question 26

XYZ Affair

Answer 26

- political and diplomatic episode early in administration of John Adams - involved a confrontation between US and Republic France that led to the undeclared Quasi-War

Question 27

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution

Answer 27

- political statements in which KY and VA legislative took position that the federal Alien/Sedition Acts were unconstitutional - 1798-1799

Question 28

"Revolution of 1800"

Answer 28

- Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams | - 1st peaceful transfer of power between parties

Question 29

Judiciary Act of 1801

Answer 29

- reduced size of Supreme Court - six judges to five - eliminated justices circuit duties

Question 30

The "Marshall Court"

Answer 30

- vested rights in contract clauses - expanded courts jurisdiction; judicial nationalism; blocking states regulations that limited property rights; freeing American commerce from restraints

Question 31

Impressment

Answer 31

- act of taking men into navy with or without force

Question 32

Midnight judges

Answer 32

- last minute appointments made by US President John Adams - helped to fill newly created circuit judgeships - referred to in this terms because it's said that Adams signed appointments until midnight of his last day in office

Question 33

Judicial Review

Answer 33

- power to override laws - established during Marbury v Madison case - 1803

Question 34

Louisiana Purchase

Answer 34

- land deal between US and France - acquired approximately 827,000 square miles - each acre went for 3 cents

Question 35

Barbary Pirates

Answer 35

- operated from North Africa | - US defeated them in Tripolitan Wars which helped the US gain credibility

Question 36

Embargo Act of 1807

Answer 36

- made any and all exports from the US illegal | - Jefferson pushed Congress to pass this act

Question 37

Non-Intercourse Act

Answer 37

- replaced Embargo Act of 1807 - lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports - 1809

Question 38

"Great Compromise"

Answer 38

- agreement that large and small states reached | - defined the legislative structure and representation each state would have under the US Constitution

Question 39

Abigail Adams

Answer 39

- wife of John Adams and mother of John Quincy Adams who were both Presidents - John sought her advice with letters - their letters served as eyewitness account of the American Revolutionary War home front

Question 40

Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion

Answer 40

He gathered 1,000 rebellious slaves outside Richmond; however, two Africans gave the plot away and the Virginia militia stopped the uprising before it could begin

Question 41

Tecumseh

Answer 41

A Shawnee leader who fought against the United States expansion into the midwest who was defeated at the battle of Tippecanoe

Question 42

Hartford Convention

Answer 42

A meeting of New England federalists held in Hartford CT. They opposed the war of 1812 and discussed a redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that had been done. It was the approaching end of the Federalist Party.

Question 43

Treaty of Ghent

Answer 43

Ended the war of 1812. Territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a convention to determine the Canada/US border

Question 44

Battle of New Orleans

Answer 44

A large British Invasion forced was repelled by the American army in New Orleans. Neither side knew the Treaty of Ghent ended the war two weeks before the battle. This American victory inspired American nationalism

Question 45

Yazoo Land Controversy

Answer 45

The Georgia legislature sold 35 million acres of western land to provide companies at Bargain prices. Led to the Fletcher v. Peck Supreme Court Case

Question 46

War Hawks

Answer 46

Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to acquire Britains northwest posts and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

Question 47

Milan Decree

Answer 47

Ruled that neutral ships that complied with the British orders in council were subject to seizure when they reached continental ports