1
Q
When did Syria and Egypt sign a defence agreement?
A
November 1966
2
Q
When was the new radical Syrian government?
A
February 1966
3
Q
What was the main aim of the PLO?
A
Gain land back lost in the 48 war
4
Q
When was the PLO established?
A
1964
5
Q
Why was Nasser conflicted in the build up to the 67 war?
A
- Wanted to be seen as the leader of the Arab world and fight for the Palestinians land
- He knew they couldn’t win and it would be an embarrassment
6
Q
What happened a week after the Syrian Egypt defence agreement was signed?
A
- Mine exploded on the Israel-Jordan frontier, killing 3 Israeli soldiers. Israelis retaliated with a massive attack on the Jordanian village of Samu
7
Q
What happened of the 7th April 1967?
A
An Israeli tractor was ploughing land in a demilitarised zone. Syrians opened fire and Israel fired back. Air forces went up and 6 Syrian planes were shot down.
8
Q
On the 12th May what did an Israeli general say?
A
Threatened to occupy the Syrian capital and overthrow the government
9
Q
What did Soviets warn Egypt?
A
- Israeli troops had moved to the Syrian border
- Wasn’t true, seen as Soviets trying to expand their influence while America was bogged down in Vietnam war
10
Q
What were Nasser’s ‘next moves’ (15th May)?
How was this interpreted by the Israelis?
A
- Moved 100,000 troops into the Sinai Peninsula
- Asked the UN to move troops out of Egypt
- Closed the Straits of Tiran, linked to Gulf of Aqaba which was connected to Israeli shipping
- Seen as an act of war
11
Q
Syrian defence minister 24th May?
A
- Challenged the Israelis
- We shall never call for, nor accept peace
Meanwhile a war fever was being whipped up in the press
12
Q
What was the Israeli response of Nasser’s ‘next moves’?
A
- New an Arab invasion wasn’t imminent
- Now keen to go to war, knew they would win
- However, insisted on getting the US’s support
13
Q
When was the Jordan Egypt defence agreement?
A
- 30th May 1967
14
Q
When did the Israeli air force took off?
A
- Monday 5th June
15
Q
Reasons for Israeli victory?
A
- Arabs had lost 15,000 men, Israelis lost fewer than a thousand
- Arabs had larger armies but their air forces were destroyed
- Arabs had modern Soviet weapons but Israeli had french fighter planes and US technology
- Israelis were high skilled and well trained
- Israelis believed they were fighting for their nations survival
16
Q
Results of the 6 day war?
A
- Israelis were the undisputed regions superpower
- Had conquered West Bank, Gaza, Sinai and Golan Heights
- Israel borders were more secure
- Had East Jerusalem and annexed it
17
Q
What was the UN Resolution 242?
A
- November 1967
- UN called for:
- Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict
- Respect for the right of every state in the area to live in peace with recognised boundaries
18
Q
How was Syria responsible for the outbreak of the 6 day war?
A
- Encouraging PLO raids into Israel
- Pressuring Egypt to be more aggressive
- Encouraged Fatah guerrilla attacks on Israel which led to the attack on Samu
19
Q
What did Nasser do in 1969?
A
With support of the Soviets, he embarked on an artillery bombardment of Israeli positions on the Eastern bank of the Suez Canal
20
Q
Why did Nasser bombard the Israelis side of the Suez Canal?
A
- Wanted Israel to leave the Sinai
- Sought to inflict heavy casualties and to exhaust them
21
Q
What was Israel’s response to Nasser’s attack on the Suez?
A
- Air attacks that destroyed Egypt’s air defence missile system
- Built line fortifications on their side of the Suez
22
Q
Who succeeded Nasser in 1970?
A
Sadat
23
Q
What were Sadat’a aims?
A
- Fighting over the Suez was draining Egypt’s money and he needed a million men ready at all times, expensive.
- Promised the people that 1971 would not end without the conflict with Israel being settled
- Prepared to recognise Israel
24
Q
What did Sadat do to try and convince US to influence Israel? Why did this not work?
A
- Sacked all his anti-Americans from his government
- Too busy with Vietnam war and there were 6 million Jews who could exert extreme pressure on the US government
25
What did Sadat try in 1972 to influence the Americans?
- Expelled 15,000 Soviet advisers who had been training Egyptian troops
26
What were Sadat and Assad planning?
- Egypt would cross over into the Canal and take the East bank
- Syrians would recapture the Golan Heights
27
When did Egypt and Syria attack?
- 6th October 1973
- Yom Kippur, holiest day of the Jewish year
28
How many Egyptians crossed into Israel in the first 24 hours?
- 90,000 Egyptian men and 850 tanks
29
500 Syrian tanks overwhelmed forces in the Golan Heights
30
How long did it take Israel to become fully mobalised?
3 days
- By 12th October they had pushed the Syrians back
- 15th October they had pushed through the Egyptians crossed the canal and stopped the 3rd army
31
How was the Israeli recovery possible?
- Massive airlift of thousands of tons of the most advanced weaponry from the USA
32
When did the USA and the Soviet Union call for an immediate ceasefire?
- When the Israeli's were just 80km from Cairo
- Was due to come into effect on the 22nd October
33
Why was it so close to a direct clash between USA and Soviet Union?
- Soviets threatened to respond immediately to counter the Israeli threat
- US alarmed by the threat of Soviet troops
- Were put on nuclear alert
34
When did the fighting end? (73)
24th October
35
What were the results of the war?
- Military victory for the Israelis
- Israelis had suffered major losses, Arabs had destroyed the myth of Israeli invincibility
- Much more respect for Arabs, united and overcome the humiliation of the 6 day war
- Sadat had broken the stalemate
36
What was the deal between oil countries and Britain/ USA?
- Lacked the expertise and technology to extract oil
- Granted concessions to British and US companies to do so in return for a fee
37
What was happening by the 1950s? (oil)
- Oil producing states were becoming dissatisfied with the arrangements
- Demanded more share of the profits
38
What were the seven sisters?
- Seven oil companies
- One British, one Anglo- dutch and 5 American
39
What did the seven sisters decide in 1959?
- they reduced the price of oil because there was a glut on the market
- This knocked 132 million off the income off the 4 main arab producers
- Had not consulted the Arab countries before hand
40
In September 1960 what did Saudi Arabia persuade Iran, Iraq and Venezuela?
To form the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- Designed to force oil companies to consult them before making price changes
41
Why was oil an increasingly figured in the Arab-Israeli conflict?
- 6 day war, closed the SC until 1975, had to take a longer route. Europe experienced oil shortages
- Saudi Arabia, biggest oil state became the main financier of the PLO and became one of the most outspoken Israel critic
- April 1973, Saudi oil minister warned the US if they didn't do more to help Palestinians they would refuse to increase oil production
42
Why and when did Saudi Arabia and other states impose a complete embargo on the sale of oil to the USA?
What did they call for?
- 18th October Nixed approved a 2.2 billion arms package for Israel
- End to Israeli occupation in Arab lands
- They reduced their oil output by 25%, world market price quadrupled
43
When and why did the oil producers lift their embargo?
- March 1974
- Americans persuaded the Israelis to withdraw their military forces from the Suez Canal
44
What impact did the oil embargo have?
- Impressed international community with their unity
- Forced a superpower to take them seriously
- Complete independence from the Western oil companies
45
What was the shuttle diplomacy?
- - 2 years following the 1973 war Henry Kissinger shuttled between the Israeli, Egyptian and Syrian capitals
- In order to secure treaties of disengagement
- Israel would withdraw from the Suex Canal and parts of the Golan heightsI
46
Impact of shuttle diplomacy?
- Enabled Egypt to clear the canal and reopen it in 1975
- Egypt could rebuild the cities along the canal
- Saudi Arabia started to sell oil to the US again
47
Who came to power in Israel in June 1977?
- Begin, leader of Irgun
48
What did Sadat announce in November 1977?
- He was willing to go to Israel and negotiate a peace treaty
49
When was Camp David?
- September 1978
50
Why did they reach a stalemate in 1978?
- Begin demanded a guarantee of continued control of the West Bank
- Sadat demanded recognition of the Palestinians right to self determination
51
What was the 'Framework for Peace in the Middle East'?
- election of self - governing Palestine
- Inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza to replace the Israeli military
- recognised the legitamite rights of the Palestine people
52
What was ' a framework for peace between Israel and Egypt?
- Israeli forces to be removed from the Sinai
- Egypt to regain all of the Sinai within three years
- Israeli shipping to have free passage between through the Suez
53
What was the treaty of Washington 1979?
- Confirmed what they had agreed at Camp David
- Recognised each other's right to live in peace
54
US reaction to the TOW?
- Carter was seen as a hero
- However, there was no legitimate rights of the palestinian
55
What was the Israeli gains of the TOW?
- Felt more secure
- No arab state would go to war without Egypt
- USA agreed to meet Israel's oil needs for 15 years
56
Egyptian reaction to the TOW?
- Was promised 1.5 billion from the US
- Small minority called, Islamists who resented Sadat for making peace with the Zionists
- Ended up assassinating Sadat in 1981
57
How many Arabs (Palestinians) had fled before and during the 48 war?
- 700,000
58
When was Fatah established, what was it?
- 1959
- Palestinian fighters
59
By 1967 how many Palestinians were in Jordan?
1 million, half the population
60
Who becomes the new leader of the PLO in 1969?
- Arafat
61
What did King Hussain order in September 1970?
- Palestinians must obey him and his army
62
What was the last straw for King Hussain?
- Aircraft's were hijacked by the PFLP and three of the planes were taken to base in Jordan, they released them then blew up the planes
63
What did King Huessein do after the hijack/
- Ordered his army to to take control of the PLO bases
- Palestinians resisted and over 3000 were killed
Palestinian military bases were destroyed and most fled to Syria and Lebanon
64
What happened on the 5th September 1972? What was the result of this/
- Attacked the Israeli athletes at the Olympic games in Munich
- 9 athletes killed
- Public opinion branded the PLO as terrorists
65
What was the problem in Lebanon/
- PLO moved their after they were expelled from Jordan, dominated the south
- Bombed Israel and Israel retaliated killing Palestinians and Lebanese
66
What was the result of the Lebanese government ordering it's army to regain control of the south?
- Palestinians resisted and were helped by the Muslims in Lebanon
- Most of the Lebanese army was Christian so there was a civil war between the Christians and the Muslims
67
What did the PLO do in 1978?
- Attacked a bus near Tel Aviv and killed 37 passangers
68
How did the Israeli's respond to the bus incident?
- Invaded Lebanon
- Seized the south
- PLO fled
- UN troops were sent to keep peace on the Israeli-Lebanon border
69
What was the Israeli invasion of 1982?
- wanted to invade but needed a pretext
- June, Palestinians attempted to kill the ambassador in London
- Rolled over the border into Lebanon with 170,000 troops and 600 fighter planes
70
What did the US do when they intervened/
- persuaded the Israelis to stop bombing Lebanon if the PLO leave Lebanon
- Arafat moved the headquarters to Tunisia
71
War in Lebanon 2006?
- Israel faced Hezbollah attacks in the south
- Withdrew in 2000
- July 2006, Hezbollah fighters crossed into Israel killed 3 and captured 2
- Demanded the release of hundreds of their fighters
- Israel refused and attacked back
- August 2006 there was a ceasefire
72
What was the cause of the first Intifada?
- 8th December 1987
- Israeli army vehicle in Gaza crashed into a lorry killing 4 Palestinians
- Funerals turned into demonstrations where an Israeli officer shot a youth
73
How did Israel respond to the Intifada?
- 'iron fist' policy including, tear gas, water cannons, rubber bullets and even live ammunition
- External pressure made them agree to stop using bullets
- Mass arrests and detention camps set up
Middle East
flashcards
Decks in class (9)
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