Homeostasis
-state of equilibrium that is dynamic and maintained by adaptation
compensation
-regulatory processes that attempt yo bring the body back to homeostasis
Decompensation
-deterioration in function due to failiture of regaltory mechanisms
-asses in one system –muilitple organs- can cause death
-relate to GAS
Call Injury
- Lethal cell injury: kills cells
- Sub-lethal cell injury: alters cell function (reversible)
Cell adaptation
Sub-Lethal injury is common to physiology processes
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- atrophy
- metaplasia
What causes Lethal Cell injury?
- Destruction of cell nucleus
- disruption of cell metabolism
- rupture of the cell membrane
How does the body protect itself?
- skin and mucous membrane
- mononuclear phagocytes system
- inflammatory response
- immune response
Inflammation
-Generalized, immediate and local
Purpose:
1. destroy harmful agents
2. limit spread
3. prepare tissue for repair
Side:
-not specific to tissue type
-cause harm to tissues
-chronic inflammation is linked with cancer
-inflammation cause scar tissue
-Scar tissue cause adhesions
Inflammation signs
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function?
Actue Inflmamation
wound healing
Helaing process
- Regeneration: replacement of lost cells and tissue with cells of the same types
- Repair: lost cells replaced by connective tissue, resulting in a scar
Primary intention
-wound margins are neat
-includes inflammatory (1st) phase, proliferative (granulation) and maturation phase and scare contraction
3 Phases of wound helaing
- inflammatory phase/initial
- Proliferative phase. granulation
- maturation/remodelling phase
congeital disorder
present at birth
Genetics
Study off inheriance
Bone Fractures
- Open-bone breaks the skin
- Closed- remains within the body
- transverse- perpendicaluer break across the bone
- spiral- twisting motion cause bone to break in crocksrew
- Grennstick- bends and cracks
- comminuted-broken into more than 2 pieces
- Oblique
- Patholosigcal
- stress fractures-
Bone Healing Process
- Hematoma formation
- fibrocartiliaginous callus formation
- bone callus formation
- bone remodelling
Asthma
Define: chronic imflammatory disorder causes obstruction in the airways leading to wheezing, tighness and breathlessness or/and cough
pathophysociolgy: early phase- triggered
Late phase- 5-12hrs to hr or days, inflammation of bronchial smooth muscle
-causing bronchoconstriction
Multiple Sclerosis
definition: chronic, a progressive autoimmune disorder of CNS,
pathophysiology:
Autoreactive T-cells are activated after a virus migrates to the CNS causing BBB disruption; the reaction to this of inflammation leads degeneration of the myelin sheath
-
Ishemic Stroke
Define: not enough blood to brain, partial or completer blockage
Thrombotic stroke: narrowing of the artery by fatty plaque, clot can form and block passage in the brain
Embolic stroke: when a blood clot lodges in an artery in the brain could be from the heart walls.
Cancer
Effect on tissues: development of abnormal cells that divide (grow) uncontrollably- destroy normal tissue
Effect on cell proliferation: same proliferation time, respond differently to intracellular signals
* telomerase: IC that allows them to escape death
Effect of cell cellular differentiation:
Proto-oncogenes promote growth
Tumour Protein 53- suppress the growth
Carcinogen
known to cause cancer in living tissue alcohol, tobacco, sunlight, processed food
Teratogens
agents or factors that cause the malformation of an embryo
-rec drugs
-infections
-chemicals
-alcohol
