unit 4

Question 1

sensation vs. perception

Answer 1

sensation: input, reciving stimulous

perception: processing, organizing + interpreting sensory info

Question 2

Types of processing

top-down vs. bottom-up

Answer 2

top-down:
whole –> peice “have I seen this before?” uses prior knowlwged (Internal) info to peice together situation or image

bottom-up:
peice –> whole “what am I seeing” takes in external info to peice together situation or image

Question 3

Galstalt principals

1. closure
2. figure and ground
3. proximity
4. similarity

Answer 3

Galstalt principals: principals to explain how brain organizes info

1. closure: making image whole by filling in gap
2. figure and ground: subject vs background
3. proximity: grouping based on distance
4. similarity: grouping based on similarities

Question 4

Attention

selective attention
cocktail party effect:

Inattention:
change blindness:
perception adaptation:

Answer 4

Attention: interaction of sensation + perception

selective attention
cocktail party effect: ability to single out info from loud/busy environments

Inattention: when something is missed in sight when foused on one thing
ex. basketball gorilla vid

change blindness: change goes unnoticed after interruption

perception adaptation: ability to adjust to artificially displaced or inverted visual field

Question 5

Bionocular vs monocular depth cues

Answer 5

Bionocular : uses 2 eyes

monocular: uses 1 eye

Question 6

binocular depth cues

1. retinal disparity:
2. convergence:

Answer 6

1. retinal disparity: uses the difference in what both eyes see to determine depth
2. convergence: uses how far inward eyes must rotate to gauge depth
   closer = more rotation
   far= less rotation

Question 7

monocular depth cues

1. relative clarity:
2. relative size:
3. texture gradient:
4. interposition:
5. shading

7.relative movement:

Answer 7

1. relative clarity: clear=close blurry = far
2. relative size: big= close small = far
3. texture gradient: detailed = close undetailed = far
4. interposition: blocking=close being blocked= far
5. shading

7.relative movement: if takes long time to pass = close if takes short time to pass= far

Question 8

visual perceptual consistencies:

1. colour consistancy
2. brightness consistancy:
3. shape consistancy
4. size consistancy

Answer 8

visual perceptual consistencies: perception stays the same while stimulus changes

1. colour consistancy: familar objects are the same colour we remeber
2. brightness consistancy: we know colours appear darker in dimmer lighting
3. shape consistancy: we know a door is a rectangle even at a weird ass angle
4. size consistancy: we know the size of a house even if it looks vary small

Question 9

apparent movement:

1. phi phenomenon:
2. stroboscopic movement:

Answer 9

apparent movement: fake moment where there is none

1. phi phenomenon: flashing lights in quick succession
   ex. Christmas lights or scrolling welcome signs
2. stroboscopic movement: images in quick succession
   ex. animation or flip books

Question 10

Thresholds
1. absolute threshold:
2. subliminal detection:
3. signal detection theory:
4. sensor adaptation:
5. difference of thresholds:
6. webster’s law:

Answer 10

1. absolute threshold: minimum amount of stimulus to be detected 50% of the time
2. subliminal detection:stimulaus below the absolute threshold
3. signal detection theory:no absolute threshold, stimuli detection depends on psycholigcal factors (altern’s, motive, experaince, expectations.)
4. sensor adaptation:desensatization to repeated stimulous
5. difference of thresholds:minimum amount of differeance in stimulous to be detected as diffrent
6. webster’s law:minimum % of differeance in stimulous to be detected as diffrent

Question 11

colours and wave lengths

Answer 11

short = high frequancy
long = low frequancy

great amplititued(tall)=bright colours

small amplititude (short) = dull colours

Question 12

Young-Helmontle trichromatic theory (3 colour theory):

opponent-process theory:

Answer 12

Young-Helmontle trichromatic theory (3 colour theory):only 3 types of recepter cones red, green, blue
-all colour is seen through them

opponent-process theory: colours are preeived as opposites
yellow vs. blue
red vs. green

Question 13

colour blindness:

Answer 13

colour blindness: ppl missing a colour cone

Question 14

rods vs cones

Answer 14

rods: detect black, white, and gray
-twilight

cones: detects colours
-daylight

Question 15

pitch and waves

Answer 15

low frequancy = low pitch

high frequancy = high pitch

Question 16

loudness and amplitudes of waves

Answer 16

low ampidtude = soft

high amplitude = loud

Question 17

hearing pipeline

Answer 17

outer ear –> middle ear –> inner ear

Question 18

5 taste recpeters

Answer 18

1. sweet
2. salty
3. sour
4. bitter
5. savoury

Question 19

sensory interaction:

synathia:

Answer 19

sensory interaction: diffrent senses influence eachother

synathia: condition when diffrent senses trigger eachother

Question 20

kinesthesis:

vestibular sense:

Answer 20

kinesthesis:sensing movement and position of body parts

vestibular sense: ability to sens head and body in relation to gravity

Question 21

sensory pipline

reception:

tranduction:

transmission:

Answer 21

reception: stimulation of sensory recpetors cells by enery

transduction: transforming stimulation into neural impulses

transmission: delivering neural information to brain to process

Question 22

extrasensory perception (ESP):

parascychology:

Answer 22

extrasensory perception (ESP): claim that percetion can occir apart from sensory input
(Telepathy, lairvouance, mob

parascychology:the study of paranomal (ESP and such)