How is globalisation benefitting the Vietnam economy?
Nike moved their manufacturing abroad and offered higher wages and more regulations to their workers
What were the push factors that were operating in Vietnam?
push = weak economy, families relied on children for income
= 10 to 14 hours working in agriculture
= poor wages, now earning 5x the previous wage
What were the pull factors that were in Vietnam?
pull = high demand of jobs
= employee regulations (no under 18s in footwear)
= clean and safe environment
= average pay (a month)= $54, whereas locally it is $18
What are the general push factors from agriculture and farming?
- farm size and shortage of lands (including land grabs)
- farming methods and improvements (mechanisation)
- poor living conditions/ lack of services/ poverty
- natural disasters
What are the general pull factors for working in agriculture and farming?
- Employment conditions and wages, more secure way of working with regular pay checks
- earn significantly higher in the city
What is the case study for rural to urban migration, and how has it developed over time?
China
involving over 240 million people since 1980’s has been the largest migration on the planet
driven by global shift (out-sourcing)
Where are the highest population densities within China?
Located in coastal regions
there are three regions with population densities greater than 900 people per sq km e.g. Hong Kong, Malau, Shanghai
What % of the population growth was concentrated in the East coast between 2000 - 2010?
82%
Who is migrating in China and what jobs do the migrants do? (According to the China National Bureau of Statistics)
44% of the new generation migrant workers work in the manufacturing industry
28% in construction
new generation migrants are young = avg. age is 17.2
What did the one Child policy mean for China?
in 1979, it was introduced so that they could control population sizes
What was the Hukou System?
residence registration system devised to control and record internal migration, hindering rural to urban movements
What are the push factors from rural areas within China?
- lack of employment opportunities, boredom at school
- no government investment
- slower income growth
- increased demand for cheap labour - large amounts of rural surplus labour into the cities
What are the pull factors to city areas within China?
- by idea of ‘exciting city life’ - materialistic, luxury items
- job opportunities and more things to do
How does the Hukou system work?
(internal passport system)
divided into either ‘rural’ or ‘urban’ residents depending on where their family lives.
This means that migrants that have children, have to send their kids back to their grandparents to be raised as cannot afford to keep them in the city
What is a floating population and what is it in China?
in 2010, there were over 200 million people living in urban areas without Hukou entitlement to housing or services = floating pop.
Why are the shanty towns a social and environmental concerns in Beijing?
- Air quality is poor due to high use of coal for heating
- disease spreading due to domestic waste left in open air
- Poor standards of construction and housing, increased risk of fire
- large pop. = high crime rates, meaning potential security problems
What political consequences do the shanty towns in Beijing bring?
- in 2017, the Beijing Authorities announced plans for a $81 billion shanty town renovation project over the next 5 years
- according to plans most residents will need to be vacated during the renovations but then move back
How many households in Beijing will be affected with the 2017 plan to deal with shanty towns?
total of 230,000 households will be affected
Where else are people living in Beijing and why?
Live in extremely unsanitary, not properly ventilated tiny cramped spaces in underground nuclear bunks
Why do people live underground and what have the government tried to do to solve it?
one sq meter in Beijing of residential real estate costs $85,820 (making it the worlds 3rd most expensive city)
However, bunkers are cheap, approximately $409
What is the rat tribe?
people who live underground, who are migrants who have no official permits and have no access to affordable housing
estimates suggest more than 1 million people living underground
What are some of the environmental urban issues that Beijing faces?
Traffic congestion (once a 12 hour traffic jam)
In 2003 how many cars were on the road compared to 2017 in Beijing?
2003 = 2 million
2017 = 6 million
What was the average commuter time spent in 2013 in Beijing?
spent 100 minutes each week sat in traffic (this was 30 minutes more than 2012)
