Unit 4

Question 1

importance of animal testing in psychopharmacology

Answer 1

• rigorous control
• Histories of subjects are well known
• requires invasive techniques that are obviously unethical with human participants
• the brains and behaviors of non-human mammals and humans are similar enough to allow generalization across species

Question 2

variety of behaviours that are evaluated by psychopharmacologists

Answer 2

• simple behaviour observation
• operant conditioning
• learning, memory
• measures of mother activity
• depression
• anxiety
• fear
• measures of analgesia

Question 3

stereotaxic surgery

Answer 3

in vivo measures of brain function, surgical technique that allows direct application of a device or drug on the brain, the device holds the head precisely for access to specific parts of brain.

Question 4

how neurotransmitters, receptors, and other proteins can be quantified and visually located in the CNS

Answer 4

Soup- Quantify, grinding up sample into a homogenate
Slice- imaging, removal of tissue then cut into slices and imaged.

Question 5

tools used for imaging the structure and function of the brain

Answer 5

MRI
fMRI
CT scan
PET scan

Question 6

importance of genetic engineering

Answer 6

• Allows neuroscientists to ask and answer new questions
• Creation of knockout, knockin, and transgenic animals
• Enables testing of cause-and-effect in brain-behavior relationships
• Accelerates discovery and treatment development
• revolutionized genetic research

Question 7

microdialysis

Answer 7

Technique using stereotaxic surgery, to measure neurotransmitter release in the brain of an awake, freely moving animal by collecting samples of extracellular fluid and then analyzing the samples

Question 8

What is in situ hybridization

Answer 8

makes it possible to locate cells in tissue slices that are manufacturing a particular protein or peptide, by detecting mRNA sequencing.

Question 9

PET Scan

Answer 9

Imaging technique used to determine the distribution of a radioactively labeled substance in the body. It can be used to measure drug binding to neurotransmitter receptors or transporters in the brain as well as measuring changes in metabolic activity reflecting neuron function.

Question 10

MRI scan

Answer 10

technique used to visualize in high resolution, detailed slices through the brain or other organ by taking computerized measurements of the signals emitted by atoms in the tissue as they are exposed to a strong magnetic field.

Question 11

utility of using knockout technology

Answer 11

lies in its ability to reveal the specific functions of genes and proteins by observing the effects of their removal on brain structure, behavior, and drug response, thereby providing powerful animal models for understanding and treating human neurological disorders.

Question 12

Outline the process of drug development and testing

Answer 12

1) pre-clinical research - screening of compound, large scale synthesis, animal testing
INVESTIGATIVE APPLICATION TO FDA
2) Clinical Studies- phase 1 (1.5 yrs) phase 2(2 yrs) phase 3 (3.5 yrs)
APPLICATION FOR NEW DRUG TO FDA
3) FDA review
APPROVAL
4)post market surveillance

Question 13

operant conditioning

Answer 13

method that can be used to evaluate a wide variety of behaviors, consequences control behavior; animals learn to respond to obtain reinforcers and avoid punishment.

Question 14

Knockout technology

Answer 14

is a genetic engineering method used to delete or “turn off” a specific gene in an organism’s DNA — most commonly in mice — to study what happens when that gene is missing.