Typical emotional state of most adolescents
Heightened; heightened feelings, frequent mood swings, and a greater susceptibility to negative emotions: irritability, anxiety, sadness
Puberty
The period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction
Girl growth spurt
Typically occurs between the ages of 9 and 15; peak growth between 11 and 13; averages 3-4 in growth per year
Boy growth spurt
Typically occurs between the ages of 12 and 17; peak growth between ages 13 and 15; averages 4-6in growth per year
Common changes for boys AND girls
Growth spurt, body hair, skin changes, body odor, height and weight
Common changes for girls
Breast development, menstruation, body shape, and earlier growth spurt
Common changes for boys
Genital growth, voice changes, body shape, facial and body hair, and later growth spurt
Pigate’s cognitive stages
sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years), preoperational stage (2 to 7 years), concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years), and formal operational stage (11 years and up)
2 components of adolescent egocentrism
the imaginary audience, where teens feel constantly watched and judged by others, and the personal fable, where they believe they are unique and immune to harm or consequences
Imaginary audience
A belief that everyone is watching and scrutinizing one’s actions, appearance, and behavior.
Examples:
Not wanting to go to school because of a single pimple.
Spending excessive time and effort on appearance to avoid ridicule.
Feeling a strong need to conform to impress peers.
Impact: This can cause extreme self-consciousness and lead to social withdrawal, as teens may avoid situations to avoid perceived judgment.
Personal fable
A feeling that one is special, unique, and that their experiences are not shared by others.
Examples:
Believing that no one can understand their feelings of being misunderstood or different.
Taking dangerous risks, such as reckless driving or unprotected sex, because they feel they are an exception and will not face the same consequences as others.
Impact: This can lead to risk-taking behavior, as teens may feel they are invulnerable to the negative consequences that might affect others.
Adolescent females may have lower self-esteem
due to a combination of cultural pressures, social factors, and internal experiences
James Marcie’s identity diffusion
Neither explores different identity options nor makes a commitment.
Individuals in this status often feel uncertain and lack direction.
Example: A teenager who hasn’t thought about their future career or values and feels lost
James Marcie’s identity foreclosure
Makes a commitment to an identity based on the expectations of others, without personal exploration.
This often happens when an individual adopts the values or beliefs of their parents or community without question.
Example: A person who becomes a lawyer simply because their family are all lawyers, without considering other professions.
James Marcie’s identity moratorium
Actively explores different roles, beliefs, and options but has not yet made a firm commitment to a specific identity.
This can be an anxious period of experimentation and questioning.
Example: A college student who tries out different internships and majors to figure out what they want to do before settling on a career path.
James Marcie’s identity achievement
Successfully explores various options and then makes a commitment to a specific identity that feels right for them.
This status is reached after a period of both exploration and commitment, resulting in a sense of clarity and purpose.
Example: An individual who, after exploring different career paths, decides to become a chef because they feel it is the best fit for them
Carol Gilligan’s criticism of Ericson’s stages
Erik Erikson’s theories as being based on a male-centric view of development, particularly regarding his emphasis on the “ethics of justice” and how this excluded women’s experiences
active parental involvement in a teen’s life affect family on conflict
Active parental involvement can both increase and decrease family conflict, depending on the approach. Supportive and engaged involvement, characterized by open communication and empathy, can reduce conflict and improve teen well-being. However, overly controlling or disengaged involvement can lead to negative outcomes, such as frequent conflict and emotional distress for the teen.
adolescent cliques.
a key social context for identity and behavior, influencing aspects like substance use, aggression, and depression
Jeffery Arnett’s idea of “Emerging Adulthood.”
describes a new life stage between adolescence and young adulthood, typically from ages 18 to 29, characterized by five key features: identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling “in-between,” and a sense of possibilities
Lea is a college freshman experiencing a lot of anxiety and worry about not doing as well in her classes as she
had expected. She reports that she is often depressed and is considering dropping out. What is true about Lea?
a common and growing problem among college students, as high levels of anxiety and depression are prevalent due to academic pressure, social adjustment, and financial concerns.
physical changes during early adulthood
muscle strength, reaction time, and sensory abilities, with the body reaching full height and bone density
the biggest health risk that most early adults face
unintentional injuries and mental health issues
Basal metabolism rate refers to
the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing and keeping warm
