UNIT 4 CONCISE FL EASY

Question 1

Enzyme def?

Answer 1

• Protein biocatalyst, lowers activation energy.

Question 2

Active site?

Answer 2

• Specific 3D region binds substrate.

Question 3

Enzyme Specifity?

Answer 3

• Due to active sites unique shape complementary to the substrate.

Question 4

Optimum temperature?

Answer 4

• Temperature for maximal enzyme activity.

Question 5

Denaturation ( high temperature) def?

Answer 5

-Breaks weak non-covalent bonds (H-bonds, ionic, dispersion) in 3D structure.

• Active site loses shape=Enzyme activity lost.
• Generally irreversible.
• Primary structure (peptide bonds) remains intact.

Question 6

Denaturation (extreme pH) def?

Answer 6

• Alters R-group ionisation, disrupting ionic/H-bonds in 3D structure.
• Active site loses shape=Enzyme activity lost.
• Generally irreversible.
• Primary structure (peptide bonds) remains intact.

Question 7

Deactivation (low temp) def?

Answer 7

• Deactivation (Low Temp): Lower kinetic energy, decreased frequency successful collisions per unit time; enzyme activity reduced; reversible; not denaturation.

Question 8

Optimum pH def?

Answer 8

• pH for maximal enzyme activity; specific for each enzyme.

Question 9

Stereoisomers def?

Answer 9

• Same structural AND SEMI STRUCTURAL formula, BUT A DIFFERENT SPATIAL OR 3D atomic arrangement.

Question 10

Optical Isomers def?

Answer 10

• Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images AND rotate plane-polarised light in opposite directions.

Question 11

Enantiomers def?

Answer 11

• A pair of optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images. AND rotate plan-polarised light in opposite directions.

Question 12

Chiral compound def?

Answer 12

• Molecule non-superimposable on its mirror image.

Question 13

Chiral carbon def?

Answer 13

• Carbon atom bonded to four different groups. (Causes chirality).

Question 14

Method of separation to separate enantiomers?

Answer 14

• Chiral High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

Question 15

Enantiomer separation (drug synthesis) crucial for?

Answer 15

• Drug safety (preventing inactive/toxic enantiomer).
• Drug efficacy (ensuring correct, active enantiomer).

Question 16

Competitive inhibitor(CEI) def?

Answer 16

• Molecule that binds to and occupies the enzyme’s active site.

Question 17

Mechanism of a CEI def?

Answer 17

• Prevents substrate binding, thus blocking reaction.

Question 18

Structure of a CEI def?

Answer 18

• Must be structurally similar to substrate to fit active site.

Question 19

Steams distillation used for?

Answer 19

• Essential oils avoid thermal decomposition.

Question 20

Simple distillation used for?

Answer 20

• > 25 deg celcius difference in boiling points.

Question 21

Fractional distillation used for?

Answer 21

• < 25 deg celcius.

Question 22

Solvent extraction def?

Answer 22

• Method of separating compounds based on a difference in solubility in two compounds.

Question 23

Immiscible def?

Answer 23

• A set of liquids that do not mix with each other.

Question 24

Achiral compound def?

Answer 24

• Compound with a superimposable mirror image.

Question 25

Features of medicinal molecules def?

Answer 25

- Relatively large molecules. - Contain a polar group. - Contain rings.

Question 26

Common polar solvents def?

Answer 26

- Water. - Ethanol.

Question 27

Common non-polar solvents def?

Answer 27

- Hexane. - Ether.

Question 28

Solvents with limited polarity include def?

Answer 28

- Acetone. - Dichloromethane.

Question 29

In simple distillation why are anti-burning granaries ( boiling chips) added def?

Answer 29

- To distribute heat and avoid explosion.

Question 30

Explain when a heating mantle would be prefered over a bunsen burner def?

Answer 30

- If a substance is flammable e.g. ethanol , then a heating mantle is used instead of a bunsen burner to avoid explosion.

Question 31

IGNORE THIS FLActive ingredient def?

Answer 31

NOPE DONT NEED TO DO THIS

Question 32

Primary structure, bonding and strength during denaturation def?

Answer 32

- Structure: Linear sequence of amino acids. - Bonding: Covalent peptide bonds (between - NH2 of one and - COOH of another). - Stability: Strongest level; intact during denaturation.

Question 33

Secondary structure bonding and strength during denaturation def?

Answer 33

- Structure: Local, regular folding of polypeptide backbone ( alpha -helix, beta-pleated sheet). - Bonding: Weak non-covalent hydrogen bonds between backbone N-H and C=O and groups. - Stability: Broken by denaturation.

Question 34

Tertiary structure bonding and strength during denaturation def?

Answer 34

- Structure: Overall 3D folding of a single polypeptide chain. - Bonding: Interactions between R-groups (side chains): - Weak non-covalent: Hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions (salt bridges), dispersion forces. - Strong covalent: Disulfide bridges (-S-S) between two cysteine residues.

Question 35

Quaternary structure def?

Answer 35

- The combination and interactions between two or more tertiary chains. HOWEVERY NOT ALL PROTEINS HAVE QUATERNARY STRUCTURES.

Question 36

Which type of boning is found in both secondary and tertiary structures of a protein def?

Answer 36

- Hydrogen bonding.

Question 37

What is the strongest intermolecular bonding that could involve the residue of any amino acid def?

Answer 37

- Ionic interactions.

Question 38

2 methods to increase the rate of solvent extraction def?

Answer 38

- Increase the temperature of the solvent extraction if the compounds are thermally stable. - Grinding or lending the leaves to break up the plant and increase the surface area.

Question 39

Explain why once ethanoic acid is extracted using solvent extraction, the extract is not typically purely 100% ethanoic acid?

Answer 39

- Because all of the compounds of the same polarity will be extracted no just the compound of interest.

Question 40

Another organic chemist suggested the use of HPLC to separate the extract and obtain pure ethanoic acid.Determine if HPLC would be successful in isolating ethanoic acid. Justify your answer?

Answer 40

- Yes. - Justification: HPLC separates compounds based on their differential affinities for the stationary and mobile phases, leading to distinct retention times that allow for their isolation.

Question 41

Formula to find the number of enantiomers and stereoisomers are?

Answer 41

- 2 to the power of chiral carbons.

Question 42

Discuss how it is possible that only one of the stereoisomers is biologically active as a heart medication?

Answer 42

- Stereoisomers= different spatial/3D atomic arrangement. - As a result only one of them will have a shape that would be SPECIFIC and Complementary to the target molecule/enzyme.

Question 43

CYS-CYS bond indicates what type of protein structure and bonding?

Answer 43

- A Cys-Cys bond (specifically, a disulfide bridge or disulfide bond) indicates a covalent bond involved in stabilising the tertiary structure of a protein.

Question 44

Explain how some medicines can act as competitive inhibitors and describe the properties they need to do this?

Answer 44

Medicines act as competitive inhibitors by being structurally similar to the substrate, allowing them to reversibly occupy the enzyme's active site and prevent the catalysed reaction.

Question 45

HOW TO INCREASE PURITY OF DESIRED PRODUCTS WHEN DISTILLING ?

Answer 45

- Perform repeat distillations at the same temperature.