classifying countries
countries can be classified as low, middle, or high income based on their gross national income (GNI) per capita which related to average income.
GNI per capita
DONT WRITE ABBREVIATION
total value of goods and services a countrus citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.
per capita = divided by population ‘average’
country classification examples
- high-income: aus, canada, japan
- middle-income: china, russia, mexico, fiji, south africa, turkey
- low-income: uganda, mali, nepal
characteristics of high, middle, low income countries
poverty, birthrates, employment, educational levels, social justice, resource use, access to food/clean water, income, technology access, housing
HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS ARE NOT A CHARACERISTIC
examples of communicable diseases
- HIV/AIDS: passed thru bodily fluids e.g. unprotected sex or blood. = weakens immune system + HIV progresses into AIDS
- diarrhoeal diseases: e.g. cholera = passed on through unsafe water and sanitation/poor hygiene e.g. not flushing toilets+result in dehydration which causes body to shut down and die (common in children)
- malaria: caused by parasites + transmitted by mosquitoes / destroys red blood cells causing feaver, headaches, diarrhoea and vomiting. if untreated can disrupt blood supply to organs causing death.
- tuberculosis: disease affecting lungs/highly contagious and caused by bacteria/symptoms include fever, coughing up blood, tiredness, weight loss.
hence destroys lung tissue, which untreated can result in death.
examples of non-communicable
- nutritional deficiencies: inadequate consumption of vital nutrients = malnutrition = weakened immune system
- under-nutrition: starvation
- respiratory conditions: asthma
- obstetric fistula
obstetric fistula
- non-communicable
- internal holes in vagina and bowel from an obstructed labor or underdeveloped body.
- women shamed and abandoned
- can result in death during childbirth
- damage due to constant pressure from infants neck trapped in the birth canal
- results in a hole where women continuously leak urine and faeces
double BOD
upper and lower middle income countries experience higher communicable and non-communicable
definition: when conditions associated w/ both poverty and wealth exist side by side in one community such as under nutrition and obesity
- global marketing results in increasing suffering from non-comm diseases and injuries e.g. access to fast food
human development
creating an environment in which people can develop to their:
- DSOL
- full potential and lead productive, creative lives: long and healthy life (live to LE)
- choices
- decisions affecting their lives
- enhancing capabilities
- access to knowledge
- participate in the life of their community
measuring human development - HDI
human development index: a tool developed by the united nations to MEASURE and RANK countries level of social and economic development. it provides a single statistic (btwn 0 -1) based on 3 dimensions and 4 indicators
indicators and dimensions of HDI
indicators:
- LE @ birth
- mean years of schooling
- expected years of schooling
-GNI per capita
dimensions:
- a long and healthy life
- knowledge
- a decent standard of living
factors within vs btwn countries
-btwn countries = high, middle, low
- within countries = male vs females, low SES groups vs high SES groups
safe water
water that is not contaminated with diseases causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals e.g. safe for human consumption
safe water examples
- water borne diseases: lack of access to fresh clean water increases risk e.g. cholera
- water collection: many women and children in low income countries spend hrs every day collecting water, missing out on school and work opportunities -> injury, dehydration, $, future employment, health literacy, exhaustion
- farming: access to clean water for crops and livestock is important as they are a necessary source of food and income
sanitation
refer to to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services e.g. garbage collection and adequate sanitation requires flushing toilet
the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces
sanitation examples
- lack of private toilets: many cultures expect girls to wait until its dark b4 they relieve themselves, exposes them to the danger of assault, harassment, discomfort, and illness
- lack of segregated toilets: few schools in low/middle income countries have toilets, girls then often don’t attend school especially when they’re menstruating
- water supplies contaminated with human waste: can lead to infectious diseases e.g. cholera. lack of water to wash hands effectively
poverty
deprivation/lack of essential resources. limited ability to AFFORD e.g. education, food, shelter, clean water, HC
- reduced ability to afford barrier consumption
poverty cycle
DONT NEED TO KNOW
low income -> low ability to afford adequate living conditins and edu -> reduced opportunities for employment –>
- can be broken with education but education often requires payment
inequality and discrimination
discrimination = unfair and prejudicial treatment of ppl/groups based on certain characteristics
groups who are discriminated against tend to suffer higher rates of premature death, mental disorders, intentional violence
examples of discrimination based on sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, race etc..
- exploitation: female sex kids may be abducted, tricked or sold into sex work, hazardous labour or domestic services. may lead to injury, sexual abuse and violence.
- discrimination: gay and transgender ppl can have reduced access to appropriate HC and in social settings e.g. employment
- female genital cutting: unsafe, bleeding
- forced marriage at young age
alcohol
increase marketing on alc = low health promotion, low regulations e.g. no age restrictions, no advertising laws
processed foods
food items not being sold in their original forms
global distribution and marketing
(of tobacco, alc, and processed foods)
- distribution: shared, sold
- marketing: promoting / advertising = lead to increase consumption
global distribution and marketing examples
- land destruction: tobacco companies take over large areas of land to grow tobacco = decrease land to grow food
- lack of regulations/policies: e.g. no restrictions on where to smoke = passive smoke
- lack of edu
- ppl use their little money on smoke/drinks
- smoke during pregnancy
