Unit 4 Lecture 28

Question 1

Label some manifold functions of the liver?

Answer 1

• metabolism of carbs, proteins and lipids
• detoxifies blood by altering drugs & hormones
• removes biliruben
• releases bile salts to help digestion by emulsification of lipids
• stores fat-soluble vitamin
• stores iron, copper and vitamin B12
• pahgocytosis of worn out blood cells and bacteria
• plays a role in vit D activation

Question 2

Label the blood flow through the liver

Answer 2

1. oxygenated blood from hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein
2. liver sinusoids
3. central vein
4. hepatic vein
5. inferior vena cava
6. right atrium of heart

Question 3

what are the cells of the liver?

Answer 3

hepatocytes

Question 4

what are the spaces between hepatocytes?

Answer 4

sinusoids or bile canaliculi

Question 5

what are the macroohages found in the liver?

Answer 5

kupffer cells

Question 6

Label the pathway of bile?

Answer 6

hepatocytes -> bile canaliculi -> bile ducts -> left and right hepatic ducts -> common hepatic duct and cystic duct -> common bile duct and pancreatic duct -> hepatopancreatic ampulla -> duodenum

Question 7

What are the metabolic functions of the liver?

Answer 7

Carb, lipid and protein metabolism

Question 8

What are the 3 processes of carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 8

1. gluconeogenesis
2. glycogenesis
3. glycogenolysis

Question 9

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 9

turns amino acids and triglycerides into glucose

Question 10

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 10

turns excess glucose intp glycogen & stores it in the liver

Question 11

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 11

turns glycogen back into glucose as needed

Question 12

What happens during lipid metabolism?

Answer 12

• synthesis of cholesterol and lipoproteins (HDL and LDL)
• stores some fat
• breaks down some fatty acids

Question 13

What happens during protein metabolism?

Answer 13

• deamination
• transamination
• synthesizes

Question 14

Define deamination

Answer 14

removes -NH2 (amine group) from amino acids so we can use what is left as an energy source

Question 15

Define transamination

Answer 15

converts one amino acid into another

Question 16

what is synthesized during protein metabolism?

Answer 16

plasma proteins utilized in the clotting mechanism and immune system

Question 17

What are the areas of the large intestine?

Answer 17

cecum, colon, rectum and anus

Question 18

What are the cells of the large intestine and what does it secrete or absorb?

Answer 18

• absorptive cell (absorbs water)

- goblet cell (secretes mucus)

Question 19

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Answer 19

• haustral churning

- fermentation of undigested carbs into carbon dioxied and methane gas by bacteria

Question 20

What are the 3 reflexes of the large intestine?

Answer 20

• gastroilial reflex
• gastrocolic reflex
• defecation reflex

Question 21

What is gastroilial refelx

Answer 21

when stomach is full, gastrin hormone relaxes ileocecal sphincter so small intestine will empty into large intestine

Question 22

What is gastrocolic reflex

Answer 22

when stomach fills, a strong peristaltic wave moves contents of transverse colon into rectum

Question 23

What is defecation reflex

Answer 23

when rectum fills, input to sacral spinal cord return commands to expel feces

Question 24

Label the steps of the defecation reflex

Answer 24

1. gastrocolic reflex moves feces into rectum
2. stretch receptors signal sacral spinal cord
3. parasympathetic nerves contract muscles of rectum & relax internal anal sphincter
4. external anal sphincter is voluntary controlled