Motivations for Imperialism
- Social Darwinism (Natural selection)
- Cultural: White Man’s Burden
- Economics
- Nationalism
Means of Imperialism
- Maxim machine guns
- Steamships
- Quinine (a medicine for malaria)
Negative affects of imperialism
- Artificial borders
- Cash crop economies
- Loss of land and independence
- Exploitation of Africans as a cheap source of labor
Positive affects of Imperialism
- Medicine
- Education
- Improved infrastructure
- Spread of religions
- Spread of technology
Impact of Berlin Conference
- Negative impact on Africa
- Almost 90 percent was divided up between European powers
- Change in relationship between Europe and Africa
- Artificial borders (Led to civil war)
Leopold II and the Congo
- Leopold II made the International African Association
- Used propaganda in order to justify his actions
- Said he would end slave trade and spread Christian religion).
- Congo becomes his own personal colony
- Human rights abuses were massive in Congo
- Mass demand for Ivory
Ethiopian resistance
- Ethiopia was the only successful country that resisted imperialism
- Had guns and other tech
Ashanti resistance
Tried to peacefully negotiate their independence with the British which ultimately failed and led to the War of the Golden Stool
Herero resistance
Cattle farmers in Southwest Africa that resisted German occupation and taking of their land. Germany committed the 1st genocide of the 20th century.
Maji Maji resistance
Various tribal groups in East Africa (Tanzania) that resisted German demand for forced cotton cultivation
Zulu
Powerful empire in South Africa. Expansion led to conflict with Europeans
Xhosa
Resisted British colonization- resulted in the cattle killing movement.
Mahdist revolt
A war between Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah’s forces and Egypts forces
Cecil Rhodes
- Built a massive mining company exploiting the diamonds and gold in South Africa.
- Relied on slave-like labor conditions to build his empire.
Boer Wars
War fought between 1899-1902 between the British and the Dutch settlers known as Boers
Results of Boer wars
- Africans land rights were limited and Africans were excluded from voting, and not allowed to hold political office
- Formation of Apartheid
What was Apartheid
A system of legislation that upheld segregation against non-white citizens of South Africa
Resistance to Apartheid
- The ANC protested and resisted peacefully until the government became violent during the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960
Nelson Mandela
- Helped form a secret group known as the Spear of the Nation
- Used terrorist attacks to disrupt the stability of the government.
- Was later sentenced to Life in prison but was freed in the 90s
End of Apartheid
- International pressure
- Boycotts were used to force the President of South Africa to release Mandela and end apartheid in 1990.
Mandela urges “Peace and Reconciliation”
- Mandela became the president of South Africa in 1994.
- Pursued a policy of Peace and Reconciliation
- He does not pursue major economic redistribution of wealth.
