Unit 5

Question 1

What DTM stage is pre-industrial

Answer 1

1

Question 2

What DTM stage is the transitional stage

Answer 2

2

Question 3

What DTM stage is industrial

Answer 3

3

Question 4

What DTM stage is post-industrial

Answer 4

4

Question 5

What happens to go from stage 1 to stage 2 on a DTM

Answer 5

Health care, industrialization, water quality, sanitation

Question 6

What happens to go from stage 2 to stage 3 on a DTM

Answer 6

Better education for women

Question 7

What is the ozone layer

Answer 7

The diffuse layer of ozone molecules in the atmosphere

Question 8

What are the main types of UV that ozone absorbs

Answer 8

UV-C and UV-B

Question 9

What molecule reacts with UV from the sun and prevents some UV from reaching earth

Answer 9

Ozone

Question 10

What is ozone photolysis

Answer 10

Ozone naturally destroyed when UV interacts with O3.

Question 11

What are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Answer 11

Extremely stable, nonreactive, nontoxic, and nonflammable man made compounds

Question 12

What are ozone depleting substances (ODS)

Answer 12

Chlorine, bromine, hydrofluorocarbons

Question 13

Where is the ozone layer located

Answer 13

Stratosphere

Question 14

What is the ozone hole

Answer 14

A severely depleted region of ozone

Question 15

Where does the biggest ozone hole occur and why

Answer 15

Antarctica

Clouds accumulate chlorine in the winter and it melts and releases it in the spring

Question 16

What is the montreal protocol and what year

Answer 16

1987

An agreement to reduce CFC production immediately and eliminate by 1996

Question 17

What are the most dangerous ozone depleting substances

Answer 17

Nitrogen dioxide (N2O) and NOx

Question 18

Does the hole in the ozone layer cause global warming

Answer 18

No

Question 19

What is climate change

Answer 19

Long-term shifts in patterns of temp and precipitation

Question 20

How many years is climate measured over

Answer 20

30

Question 21

What are Milankovitch cycles

Answer 21

Changes in earth’s orbit shape, tilt, and wobble on its axis

Question 22

What do milankovitch cycles primarily determine

Answer 22

If we will experience glacial or interglacial conditions

Question 23

What is the top 3 greenhouse gas emissions in the us

Answer 23

1. CO2
2. Methane
3. NO2

Question 24

What is the top emitter of greenhouse gases in the US’s economic sector

Answer 24

Transportation

Question 25

What is the greenhouse effect

Answer 25

Visible light from the sun is absorbed by earth's surface, which then emits the energy as infrared radiation. Outgoing infrared energy is then absorbed by tropospheric gases.

Question 26

What is global warming potential (GWP)

Answer 26

An estimate of how much a molecule of any compound can contribute to warming over a period of 100 years in relative to a molecule of C02

Question 27

What is the Keeling Curve

Answer 27

An instrumental record of atmospheric CO2. Longest record

Question 28

What is the Kyoto Protocol and the year

Answer 28

1997 UN members committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in industrialized countries to 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012. US didnt agree to it

Question 29

Did the Kyoto Protocol work

Answer 29

No

Question 30

What is the paris agreement and the year

Answer 30

2015 Each country outlined their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to acheive goal of limiting global temp increase to 2°C by 2100. Developed countries help lower developed countries

Question 31

Is water vapor a greenhouse gas

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

What is albedo

Answer 32

The amount of reflection a surface has Higher the albedo, higher the reflectivity

Question 33

What is the cause of coral bleaching and why

Answer 33

Ocean warming Algae with corals cant survive higher ocean temps so they die which means corals die too

Question 34

What is ocean acidification

Answer 34

An increase of dissolved CO2 in the ocean results in a decrease in the pH. Dissolved CO2 reacts with water and forms carbonic acid.

Question 35

What is formed when CO2 and sea water combine during ocean acidification

Answer 35

Bicarbonate

Question 36

What does ocean acidification cause towards animal's shells

Answer 36

Breaks down or makes it harder to produce calcium carbonate shells

Question 37

What is mitigation

Answer 37

Slow the release of greenhouse gases or increase removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere

Question 38

What percentage of the total consumption of energy relies on fossil fuels

Answer 38

80%

Question 39

What percentage of global electricity generation relies on fossil fuels

Answer 39

60%

Question 40

What country is the top carbon emitror

Answer 40

China

Question 41

What country is the top carbon emittor per capita

Answer 41

The middle east

Question 42

What is hydropower

Answer 42

Producing electricity from the kinetic energy of moving water

Question 43

What is a pumped storage in hydropower

Answer 43

Pumps water to a high elevation reservior and releases water past turbines to lower reservior when demands increase

Question 44

What are photovoltaic cells

Answer 44

Solar panels Electrons get excited and immediately produce heat

Question 45

What is concentrated solar power (CSP)

Answer 45

Bunch of mirrors facing the same way reflect light and heat which is transferred into electricity

Question 46

What is the primary source of energy for less developed countries

Answer 46

Biomass

Question 47

What is cogeneration

Answer 47

2 different energy sources happening at the same time

Question 48

What is modern carbon

Answer 48

Carbon from plant matter that was recently absorbed from the atmosphere

Question 49

What is the element for nuclear energy

Answer 49

Uranium-235

Question 50

What is nuclear fission

Answer 50

Nucleus splits into several other nuclei

Question 51

What are fuel rods

Answer 51

Fueled by uranium ore and packed as pellets

Question 52

What are control rods

Answer 52

They absorb neutrons to slow down the reaction in a nuclear reactor

Question 53

Who produces the largest amount of electricity from nuclear power

Answer 53

U.S

Question 54

Who produces the largest percentage of electricity from nuclear power

Answer 54

France

Question 55

What is high-level waste

Answer 55

Spent fuel rods Can be reprocessed to isolate plutonium

Question 56

What is low-level waste

Answer 56

Contaminated clothing/tools Stored on specifically designed landfills

Question 57

What happened in the Three Mile Island

Answer 57

Harrisburg PA in 1979. Lost coolant water due to mechanical failures

Question 58

What happened in the Chernobyl

Answer 58

Ukraine 1986. Partial melt down of a reactor and massive explosions occurred, safety measures were disabled

Question 59

What happened in the Fukushima Daiichi

Answer 59

Japan 2011. Earthquake, shut down facility. Then a 40 foot tsunami caused generators and batteries to malfunction

Question 60

What are CAFE (corporate average fuel economy) standards

Answer 60

Set average mog for manufacturer's fleet

Question 61

What is the biofuel ethanol

Answer 61

Starches and sugars from plant material converted into alcohol by microbial fermentation

Question 62

What are hybrid cars

Answer 62

Small gas engines with an electric motor and batteries. Batteries recharge when breaking

Question 63

What are plug-in hybrids

Answer 63

Larger batteries are charged externally with plugs. Gas engine as backup

Question 64

What are electric vehicles

Answer 64

Rely solely on electric motor powered by batteries.

Question 65

What is El Niño

Answer 65

Trade winds stop/weaken Low pressure and rain to East pacific High pressures and droughts in W pacific HOT

Question 66

What is La Niña

Answer 66

Strengthened trade winds Dry in east pacific Wet in west pacific Increased hurricane development in atlantic COLD