Bio 1001 > Unit 5: Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 5: Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

when a population has a heritable trait in one or more characteristics from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Catastrophism

A

Earth’s structure has only changed due to catastrophic events

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3
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

slow geological processes lead to substantial change

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4
Q

James Hutton and Charles Lyell

A

geologists who perceived that slow, continuos actions can result in changes in Earth’s surface

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5
Q

Fossils

A

when organisms who lived in a previous geologic age leave remains or traces that are preserved

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6
Q

Paleontology

A

the study of fossils

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7
Q

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

A

first person to propose that species could change over time

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8
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

physician and plant biologist

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9
Q

Charles Darwin

A

A naturalist who believed that existing species derive from pre-existing species

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10
Q

Natural Selection

A

When individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive

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11
Q

Selective Pressures

A

Forces that determine if a trait is beneficial or not

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12
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Human intervention so something can possess desired characteristics

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13
Q

Selection can happen if these 3 are met:

A
  1. Variation in the population
  2. Variation results in differential successful reproduction
  3. Variation must be heritable
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14
Q

Transitional Form

A

Organism that gives link between earlier and later forms in evolution

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15
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of the geographic distribution of extinct and living species

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16
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

When two different species show similar characteristics because they occupy similar enviornments

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17
Q

Homology

A

Similarity due to shared ancestry

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17
Q

Selective Breeding

A

Programs and procedures designed to modify traits over time

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18
Q

Analogy

A

Similarity due to convergent evolution

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19
Q

Molecular Homologies

A

Similarities at molecular level due to common ancestor

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20
Q

Homologous Genes

A

Two genes derived from the same ancestral gene

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21
Q

Orthologs

A

Homologous genes that occur in separate species

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22
Q

Paralogs

A

Homologous genes within a single species

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23
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Exchange of genetic material among organisms who are not direct descendants

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24
Vertical Evolution
New species arise from pre-existing species by accumulation of genetic changes
25
3 Ways of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Prokaryotes
Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation
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S. aureus
Antibiotic that became resistant to penicillin and methicillin
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Micro evolution
A change in allele frequencies in a population over generations
28
Population Genetics
The study of genes and genotypes in a population
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Gene Pool
All available genes in a population of interbreeding
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Polymorphism
The presence of two or more variations for a given population
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Polymorphic Gene
Gene exists in at least two alleles
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Monomorphic Gene
Single allele is predominant in a population
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Hardy-Weinberg Principle
p + q = 1 (for allele frequencies, where p is dominant allele frequency and q is recessive) and p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (for genotype frequencies, where p² is homozygous dominant, 2pq is heterozygous, and q² is homozygous recessive).
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Adaptations
Genetic variations that increase the ability of populations to survive and reproduce in an environment
35
Fitness
The likelihood that one genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation instead of others
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Biological Species Concept
Species are a group of populations whose members can interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other groups, emphasizing gene flow within and isolation between populations.
37
Macro evolution
Broad patterns of evolutionary change
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Reproductive Isolation
Biological barriers that prevent two species from producing viable, fertile offspring
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Mechanical Isolation
Differences in sizes and shapes of reproductive organs
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Temporal Isolation
Species may breed at different times of year or different times of day
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Behavioral Isolation
Individuals reject or fail to recognize mating behaviors of other species
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Habitat Isolation
When two closely related species do not encounter each other to reproduce
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Gametic Isolation
Sperm and eggs of different species will not fuse
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Hybrid Inviability
Genes of the different parent species may impair development or survival
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Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Interspecies are healthy but cannot reproduce or have reduced ability to
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Hybrid Breakdown
Subsequent generations have genetic abnormalities that are detrimental
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Cladogenesis
The division of a single species into two or more species
48
Adaptive Radiation
A burst of evolution creates several new species out of a single parent species
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Sympatric Speciation
Speciation without geographic isolation, caused from reduced gene flow
50
Gradualism
Each new species evolves continuously over time
51
Punctuated Equilibrium
Species in equilibrium for long periods and then short rapid bursts of changes
52
Homeotic Genes
Direct the development of particular body segments or structures as an embryo grows
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Systematics
The reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships between species
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Taxonomy
The ordered division and naming of organisms both living, extinct, and viruses
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Binomial
Two-part scientific name of a species
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Taxons in order:
Domain Kingdom Phyla Class Order Family Genus Species
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Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species or group of species
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Monophyletic Group
Contains a common ancestor and all its descendants
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Paraphyletic Group
Contains a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants
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Polyphyletic Group
Includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin, but does not include their most recent common ancestor
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Directional Selection
Individuals at an extreme phenotypic range have greater reproductive success in an environment
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Stabilizing Selection
Favors survival of two or more different genotypes that produce different phenotypes
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Balancing Selection
Maintains genetic diversity in a population
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Heterozygote Advantage
When heterozygotes have a greater fitness than both varieties of homozygotes
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Negative Frequency Dependent Selection
When fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population, fluctuation between alleles
66
Sexual Selection
When there are marked differences between sexes of the same species in secondary sexual characteristics
67
Intersexual Selection
Mate Choice
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Intrasexual Selection
Members of the same sex compete for the mate
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Genetic Drift
How allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next
70
Bottleneck Effect
When a few individuals become isolated from the larger population
71
Gene Flow
Consists of movement of alleles between populations, tends to increase genetic variation
72
Nonrandom Mating
Individuals choose their mates based on their genotypes or phenotypes
73
Assorting Mating
Individuals with similar phenotypes are more likely to mate, increases proportion of homozygotes
74
Disassortative Mating
Different phenotypes mate, favors heterozygosity
75
Interbreeding
Mating of two genetically related individuals
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