Unit 6 terms

Question 1

A Century of Dishonor:

Answer 1

1881 book by Helen Hunt Jackson that exposed the U.S . government’s history of breaking treaties and mistreating Natives.

Question 2

American Federation of Labor:

Answer 2

National federation of skilled craft unions focusing on practical issues like higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

Question 3

Andrew Carnegie:

Answer 3

Scottish immigrant who built a massive fortune in the American Steel industry using vertical integration, becoming a lead industrialist/philanthropist who championed the Gospel of Wealth.

Question 4

Angel Island:

Answer 4

An immigration station for Asian immigrants in San Francisco.

Question 5

Battle of Little Bighorn:

Answer 5

A major Native victory against Colonel George Custer’s Army.

Question 6

Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show:

Answer 6

A popular entertainment spectacle that romanticized the American West.

Question 7

Buffalo Soldiers:

Answer 7

The first peacetime, All-black regiments of the American army.

Question 8

Bureau of Indian Affairs:

Answer 8

The corrupt federal agency managing Native affairs.

Question 9

Carlisle Indian Industrial School:

Answer 9

Example of forced assimilation of Natives by whites, embodying the U.S. policy to “kill the Indian, save the man.”

Question 10

Chief Joseph:

Answer 10

Leader of the Nez Perece tribe.

Question 11

Chinese Exclusion Act:

Answer 11

(1882) Law that banned Chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S. for 10 years.

Question 12

Chisholm Trial:

Answer 12

A famous cattle trail from Texas to Kansas railroads.

Question 13

Comstock Lode:

Answer 13

The massive 1859 silver/gold discovery in Nevada that triggered a huge mining rush, spurred rapid western settlement, forced technological innovation, and led to Nevada’s statehood in 1864.

Question 14

Coxey’s Army:

Answer 14

1894 protest march of unemployed people led by Jacob Coxey, demanding that the government create jobs through public works.

Question 15

Dawes Severalty Act:

Answer 15

1887 law that broke up communal tribal lands into individual plots to force Native assimilation.

Question 16

Ellis Island:

Answer 16

The primary federal immigration station in NY from 1892-1954.

Question 17

Eugene Debs:

Answer 17

Major Labor leader, socialist organizer, and five-time presidential candidate who championed workers’ rights.

Question 18

Exodusters:

Answer 18

Blacks who migrated en masse from the post-reconstruction south to the Great Plains (especially Kansas) in the late 1870’s and 1880’s.

Question 19

Frederick Jackson Turner:

Answer 19

Pivotal American historian known for his “Frontier Thesis,” arguing that the Western Frontier’s closing in 1890 marked the end of a unique American character shaped by expansion-individualism, and democracy.

Question 20

George Custer:

Answer 20

American army officer famous for his civil war service and disastrous defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Question 21

Geronimo:

Answer 21

Famous Apache leader, known for leading fierce resistance and guerrilla warfare against American forces and settlers in the SW, becoming a symbol of Native defiance against reservation confinement and manifest destiny.

Question 22

Ghost Dance:

Answer 22

Significant spiritual movement among late 1800’s Natives ], led by Prophet Wovoka, offering hope for cultural revitalization, and the return of ancestral lands by performing a ritual dance.

Question 23

Gospel of Wealth:

Answer 23

Philosophy stating that wealthy industrialists had a moral duty to use their fortunes for public good through philanthropy, not lavish spending or leaving it or heirs.

Question 23

Haymarket Affair:

Answer 23

18816 violent confrontation at a labor rally for an eight-hour day where a bomb was thrown at police, leading to death and injuries.

Question 24

Homestead Strike:

Answer 24

1892 violent labor conflict a Carnegie Steel in PA, sparked by wage cuts.

Question 25

Homestead Act:

Answer 25

(1862) Offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers who'd live on, improve, and farm on it for 5 years.

Question 26

Industrial Workers of the World:

Answer 26

Radical labor union formed in 1905, aiming for "one big union" for all workers to overthrow capitalism through direct action like strikes, challenging the craft unionism of the AFL, and clashing with governments during WWI.

Question 27

Interstate Commerce Act:

Answer 27

Federal law that established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in order to regulate railroads, in response to public demand against monopolistic practices by powerful railroad companies.

Question 28

J.P. Morgan:

Answer 28

Powerful banker and financer known for consolidating industries, and stabilizing the nation's finances during crises like the Panic of 1907.

Question 29

John D. Rockefeller:

Answer 29

Oil tycoon who founded standard oil, monopolized the industry through horizontal integration, became the wealthiest American ever, and later became a major philanthropist.

Question 30

Jane Addams:

Answer 30

Pivotal social reformer, known for co-founding Hull House in Chicago, in order to serve immigrants and the poor.

Question 31

Knights of Labor:

Answer 31

Powerful, inclusive labor union that united workers for broad social reforms like an 8-hour workday, ending child labor, equal pay, and worker corporatives.

Question 32

Mary E. Lease:

Answer 32

Orator, writer, and lawyer who became a leading voice for the populist party.

Question 33

New South:

Answer 33

Key concept that represented post-Civil War efforts to industrialize the south, moving beyond its agrarian past with textiles, railroads, and diversified crops.

Question 34

Populist Party:

Answer 34

Late-1800's political movement, mainly farmers and laborers, fighting economic inequality in the Gilded Age.

Question 35

Plessy v. Furgeson:

Answer 35

1896 supreme court case that established the "Separate but equal" doctrine, legally justifying racial segregation under the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.

Question 36

Pullman Strike:

Answer 36

1894 labor conflict where workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company struck after wage cuts during an economic depression.

Question 37

Samuel Gompers:

Answer 37

Pivotal labor leader, who founded the AFL to advocate for skilled workers' immediate economic gains.

Question 38

Sand Creek Massacre:

Answer 38

Attack on Natives by American soldiers in Colorado, exemplifying violent conflicts over land during westward expansion.

Question 39

Sherman Antitrust Act:

Answer 39

(1890) The first federal law targeting monopolies, outlawing trusts and conspiracies that restrained interstate commerce to promote competition.

Question 40

Social Darwinism:

Answer 40

The misuse of Charles Darwin's idea of "survival of the fittest" to human societies.

Question 41

Social Gospel:

Answer 41

Late 1800's/early 1900's religious reform movement applying Christian ethnics to solve societal issues.

Question 42

Tammany Hall:

Answer 42

NYC's powerful Democratic Political Machine

Question 43

Taylorism:

Answer 43

Frederick Winslow Taylor's system for maximizing industrial efficiency by breaking down jobs into simple, timed tasks, speeding up production.

Question 44

Tenements:

Answer 44

Overcrowded, low-quality, multi-family urban dwellings that housed poor working-class families and immigrants.

Question 45

The Birth of a Nation:

Answer 45

1915 film that showcased racist historical myths that glorified the KKK and spurred national debates on race.

Question 46

Vertical Integration:

Answer 46

A company controlling all stages of production

Question 47

Horizontal Integration:

Answer 47

A company buying out competitors at the same production level in order to gain market share and create monopolies.

Question 48

William Jennings Bryan:

Answer 48

Populist-turned Democrat who advocated for all farmers.