BIOL 373 > UNIT 6b > Flashcards

UNIT 6b Flashcards

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1
Q

GI function regulation has what reflexes?

A
  1. long (integrated in brain)
  2. short (integrated in gut) –> called gut bain sometimes
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2
Q

long reflexes characteristics

A
  • sensory info from GI
  • feedforward reflexes: sight, smell, thought of food, emotion can cause us to stimulate our GI tract
  • efferent always autonomic: increase parasympathetic (excitatory) and decrease sympathetic (inhibitory)
  • dont need to have anything in GI tract
    goal: increase secretion increase motility
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3
Q

small reflexes characteristics

A
  • integrated within gut
  • enteric nervous system (gut brain)
  • submucosal plexus receive signals from lumen, regulate secretion
  • motility regulated by neurons in myenteric plexus
  • have to have something in your GI tract
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4
Q

parallels between enteric system and CNS
ENTERIC SYSTEM:

A
  1. has intrinsic neurons
  2. release neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
  3. integrating centre
  4. has glial support cells
  5. BBB similarity called a difussion barrier but acts exactly same as BBB (blood brain barrier)
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5
Q

GUT PEPTIDES ARE MAJOR ________ PLAYERS

A

REGULATOR PLAYERS

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6
Q

GUT PEPTIDES ARE PRODUCED BY?

A

cells within the lamina propria

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7
Q

travel of peptides

A

can travel paracrine or endocrine (blood)

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8
Q

effects of gut peptides:

A
  • effects motility (altered peristalsis, gastric emptying)
  • effects endocrine & exocrine secretion
  • some peptides act on brain
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9
Q

can gut peptides also be called hormones?

A

yes, they travel endocrine via the blood

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10
Q

GUT peptide endocrine pancreas goals

A

increase inulin
decrease glucagon

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11
Q

GUT peptide endocrine brain goals

A

hunger
satiety

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12
Q

the Duodenum is the beginning of what?

A

small intestine

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13
Q

how did the pancreas know there was an increase in stomach acid as it hits duodenum based on pavlov?

A

pancreas secretion was thought to be controlled by vagus nerve, he says that this was ALL NEURAL

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14
Q

how did the pancreas know there was an increase in stomach acid as it hits duodenum based on Bayliss and starling?

A
  • dissected the nerves
  • put acid in duodenum
  • pancreas secreted bicarb still
    so it NOT neural

hypothesis: blood born signal

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15
Q

what are the gut hormones

A
  1. Gastrin family
  2. Secretin family
  3. Motilin
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16
Q

swallowing reflex

A
  1. tongue pushes food (bolus) against soft plate and back of mouth triggering swallow reflex
  2. breathing inhibited as bolus passes
  3. food moves downward into esophagus and propelled by peristaltic waves

swallowing reflex is integrated in medulla, cranial nerves mediate reflex

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17
Q

regulation of cephalic stage

A
  1. brain perceives food, smell, visually etc
  2. coordinated in medulla
  3. travels in vagus nerve
  4. gets to taregt cells
  5. secretion and motility
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18
Q

regulation gastric phases

A
  1. food reaches stomach
    2 stretching detects peptides and amino acids need digesting
    3 digestion occurs

are local and occur in the stomach
- short reflexes

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19
Q

what are the three functions of the stomach and describe them?

A
  1. storage:
    - receives food and relaxes w/out storage problem can arise (gastric dumping syndrome)
  2. digestion:
    - most important, break down molecules into chyme, secretion of enzymes, acid and hormones.
  3. protection:
    - protects itself from acid and antimicrobial acid
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20
Q

IMPORTANT SLIDE SECRETORY CELLS OF GASTRIC MUCOSA

A

IMPORTANT SLIDE SECRETORY CELLS OF GASTRIC MUCOSA

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21
Q

Parietal cells make?

A

H+

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22
Q

chief cells make? w/ H+ present

A

pepsin

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23
Q

what are the two major products of the gastric mucosa?

Study These Flashcards
A

-> H+
-> pepsin

24
Q

_______ is a key regulator in being part of cranking up the parietal cells to create H+

25
Intestinal phase jobs:
1. regulate itself by being ready to do its jobs (secretion) 2. regulates stomach 3. looks ahead to get downstream products of digestion for whole body level
26
small intestine feedbacks to stomach true of false?
true
27
small intestine has feedforward system true or false?
true
28
what are the roles of GIP? acts on _______ breakdown
carb breakdown 1. insulin secretion 2. negative feedback to stomach to stop acid secretion and gastric motility
29
fats + proteins need what for creating pancreatic enzyme secretion
CCK
30
acid in small in needs what for bicarb secretion and why is this important
1. secretin is needed 2. important because it neutralizes the pH which is important for the rest of digestion and absorption
31
GLP is also involved in insulin secretion yes or no
yes
32
small intestine has a lot of feedback to _________
stomach
33
CCK also causes contraction in gall bladder to release bile into the intestine true or false
true
34
preventing auto or self digestion: WHAT DOES PANCREAS DO?
ZYMOGENS (IN ACTIVE ENZYMES) ARE ACTIVATED TO PROTECT PANCREAS BY ACTIVATING TRYPSINOGEN TO TRYPSIN WHICH ACTIVATES ENZYMES
35
pancreatic enzymes are triggered by?
1. CCK 2. NEURAL
36
LUMPS ON LARGE INTESTINE ARE CALLED WHAT
HAUSTRA
37
surface facing lumen is _____ (large intestine)
smooth
38
how many sphincter of large intestines
2. internal and external
39
role of large intestine
- remove water -formation of feces -motility
40
segmental contractions also means
swishing back and forth
41
mass movements occurs ______/ times a day
3-4 times a day
42
two types of diarrhea
1. osmotic 2. secretory
43
what is diarrhea
imbalance between absorption and secretion
44
______ diarrhea - undigested lactose, sorbitol, or olestra
osmotic diarrhea
45
______ diarrhea - bacterial toxins increase Cl- secretion - can cause death - serious - ex: cholera - can lead to sever dehydration - metabolic acidosis (losing BICARB) - too much secretion ( from CFTR)
secretory
46
what diarrhea can be purposely mimicked?
osmotic diarrhea have osmotic laxatives
47
cholera toxin targets what channel and is it regulated
1. CFTR 2. yes regulated
48
cholera 1. contaminated in _______ (developed countries) 2. contaminated in _______ (developing countries)
1. food 2. water
49
who is more at risk for cholera?
- people w/ reduced gastric acidity - young children - immune suppressed individuals
50
need to ingest a lot of bacteria for cholera why?aprox how much
- needs to survive stomach acid - aprox: 100 million bacteria
51
cholera toxin interferes with?
ability of G alpha subunit to nip off phosphate (GTP) to GDP and shut off cholera stays in GTP meaning that subunits are separated and activated . will keep chloride channel when it should not be.
52
CFTR channel is the mutated channel in
cystic fibrosis
53
cystic fibrosis vs cholera
cystic fibrosis: under secretion of CL- cholera: over secretion of CL-
54
cystic fibrosis is common fatal recessive single-gene disorder of ___________
europeans descendants
55
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