Unit 7 : Bone Tissue

Question 1

Bone Tissue

Answer 1

Aspects of the bone tissue includes:

1. It’s a Dynamic tissue that continually remodels itself
2. Its a grouping of connective tissue with a matrix hardened by minerals
3. Bones make up the skeletal system

Question 2

Functions of the skeletal system

Answer 2

Functions of the skeletal system includes:

1. Supports the body.
2. Facilitates movement.
3. Protects internal organs.
4. Produces blood cells.
5. Stores and releases minerals and fat.
6. Buffers blood against excessive pH changes

Question 3

Structure of Long bones

Answer 3

Long Bones Structures includes:

1. Epiphysis (ends), they are Distal and Proximial
2. Diaphysis (shaft)
3. Medullary (bone marrow) cavity

Question 4

Articular Cartilage ​

Answer 4

Hyaline cartilage covers the surface of joints the Epiphysis (distal and proximal Epiphysis) allowing for articulation of bones.

Question 5

Long bones

Answer 5

Long Bones are:

1. Longer than wide
2. Rigid levers acted upon by muscles
3. Assist in creating our Limbs

Question 6

Short bones

Answer 6

Short bones are:

1. Articuluation of Joints
2. Equal in length and width
3. Glide across one another in multiple directions
4. Designed for strength and compactness

Question 7

Flat bones

Answer 7

Flat bones are:

1. Assist in Articulations
2. Protect soft organs
3. Curved but wide & thin

Question 8

Irregular bones

Answer 8

Irregular bones are:

1. Elaborate shapes that don’t fit into the other categories
2. This includes the Sphenoid bone (bones of bones)

Question 9

Bone Cell Types

Answer 9

There are (4) four Bone Cell types:

1. Osteoprogenitor
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes
4. Osteoclasts

Question 10

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Answer 10

is a specialized cell that could dividing into two stem cells. They could become any type of bone cells.

Question 11

Osteoblasts Cells

Answer 11

Osteo-Blasts (building of bones)

1. Osteoblasts are the younger cells
2. are the structural cells that form new bone.
3. They also come from the bone marrow and secrete collagen

Question 12

Osteocytes Cells

Answer 12

1. They come from osteoblasts.
2. Some of the osteoblasts turn into osteocytes while the new bone is being formed.
3. These cells can sense pressures or cracks in the bone and help to direct where osteoclasts will dissolve the bone.

Question 13

Osteoclasts Cells

Answer 13

1. Osteoclasts are older cells that are broken down
2. are large cells that dissolve / breakdown / reabsorb the bone.
3. They come from the bone marrow and are related to white blood cells.

Question 14

Bone Matrix Composition

Answer 14

25% water

25% protein fibers

50% minerals

Question 15

Bone Matrix Contains

Answer 15

Bone Matrix contains some:

1. Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate
2. but mostly hydroxyapatite, which is the PRIMARY salt that makes bone hard.

Question 16

Hydroxyapatite

Answer 16

is the PRIMARY mineral of salt that form calcium making bone hard

Question 17

Bone Matrix Deposited Where

Answer 17

Matrix is deposited in a framework of collagen fibers, calcification (calcium and salts) or mineralization

1. Salts confer hardness on bone
2. Collagen fibers give bones Tensile strength (being able to bend a little without breaking)

Question 18

Bones

Answer 18

1. Bone are made up of several different tissues (connective) working together:
   ​

• Bone
• Cartilage
• Dense connective tissue
• Epithelium
• Various blood forming tissues
• Adipose tissue
• Nervous tissue.

1. Each individual bone is an organ; the bones, along with their cartilage, make up the skeletal system.

Question 19

Bone Type

Answer 19

There are (4) Four types of bones:

1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones

Question 20

Type of Bones

Answer 20

Bone may be categorized as compact or spongy

Question 21

Osteons

Answer 21

Osteons are cylindrical structures that contain a mineral matrix and living osteocytes connected by canaliculi, which transport blood.

Question 22

Lamellae

Answer 22

The Lamella is a Cylinders of tissue area of Matrix that sits between the rings of the Osteocytes.

Question 23

Compact Bone

Answer 23

Dense bone tissue consists of osteons, know as the Haversian systems = the basic structural unit (STEPS):

1. Lamellae - Cylinders of tissue formed from layers
2. Central Canal / Haversian- Contains, Vains, Artiery, Nerves (VAN).
3. Osteocytes connected to each other and by tiny canals called “canaliculi”

Question 24

Spongy Bone

Answer 24

1. is made up of Trabeculae which is what gives sponge like appearance – the spaces is filled with red bone marrow.
2. Provides strength with little weight for bone structure.
3. Spongy bone have few osteons
4. Blood Vessels go through spongy bones real easy, so it doesn’t need a haversian systems.

Question 25

**Intramembranous Ossification**

Answer 25

1. Intramembranous ossification directly **converts the mesenchymal tissue to bone** and forms the **flat bones** of the **skull, clavicle**, and most of the **cranial bones.** 2. Intramembranous ossification **does not not go** through Cartilage.

Question 26

**Endochondrial Ossification**

Answer 26

Endochondral ossification begins with mesenchymal tissue transforming into a cartilage, the growing cartilage is replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton. 1. **is involved in**: 1. embryonic bone formation 2. growth in length of long bones 3. and fracture healing

Question 27

**Bone Formation Steps**

Answer 27

Most bone is formed by Endochondral Ossification or osteogenesis (Inside then outward): 1. Step **1** = Cartilage **forms** 2. Step **2** = Cartilage **grows** 3. Step **3** = Bone replaces the cartilage from the inside center outward.

Question 28

**Bone Mineral Resorption**

Answer 28

1. Bone is the major reservoir for calcium (Ca++) 2. If blood levels get to low, the body will pull from the bones 3. Blood level of calcium ions is very important in cardiac, nerve, enzyme, blood

Question 29

**Human Growth Hormone**

Answer 29

Human Growth Hormone (GH) **stimulate bone deposition**, in addition to thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin

Question 30

**Thyroid Hormone**

Answer 30

1. Thyroid Hormone - promotes growth and maturity 2. **Calcitonin** aka thyroid gland - promotes bone formation, inhibits osteoclast activity.

Question 31

**Parathyroid Hormone**

Answer 31

Promotes bone **resorption** and _increase_ activity of **+ osteoclasts**

Question 32

**Bone Remodeling**

Answer 32

Bone remodeling involves the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue by: 1. **Destroyed by osteoclasts** 2. **Constructed by osteoblasts**

Question 33

**Bone Homeostasis**

Answer 33

1. Increased osteoclasts activity / decreased osteoclasts activity causes bone loss 2. Increased osteoblasts activity / decreased osteoblasts activity causes bone creation

Question 34

**Ossification**

Answer 34

is basically bone tissue formation

Question 35

**Bone Resorption**

Answer 35

Bone resorption is the action of osteoclasts and parathyroid.

Question 36

**Bone Growth & Remodeling**

Answer 36

Bones grow and remodel themselves throughout our lives. Greater bone Density and bone mass are found in Athletes and those who gave Manual Labors.

Question 37

**Bone is Formed via..**

Answer 37

Most bone are formed by Edochondral Ossification (

Question 38

**Mesenchymal Tissue**

Question 39

**Intramembranous** - VS - **Endochondrial**

Answer 39

1. **Intramembranous** * Froms Flat bones like the Skull, Sternum, Mandible, and clavicle 2. **Endochondrial** * **​**

Question 40

**Stress Fractures**

Answer 40

**Stress fracture** is a break caused by **abnormal trauma** to a bone, this includes - car accident, fall, athletics, etc

Question 41

**Pathological Fracture**

Answer 41

Pathological fracture is a break in a bone that is weakened by some disease - This includes bone cancer or osteoporosis

Question 42

Answer 42

**Fracture - Open Displaced**

Question 43

Answer 43

**Greenstick - Fracture**

Question 44

Answer 44

**Fracture - Comminuted**

Question 45

Answer 45

**Linear - Fracture**

Question 46

Answer 46

**Transverse Non-Displaced - Fracture**

Question 47

Answer 47

**Oblique NonDisplaced - Fracture**

Question 48

Answer 48

**Spiral - Fracture**

Question 49

Answer 49

Colles - Fracture

Question 50

Answer 50

**Pott - Fracture**

Question 51

Healing of Fractures

Answer 51

1. Fractures takes on average 8 - 12 Weeks to heal (Longer in seniors) 2. Electrical stimulation is used on fractures that take longer than 2 months to heal 3. Horsetail Herb is used in helping to repair fractures

Question 52

Fracture Healing Stages

Answer 52

Stages of healing 1. First - **Fracture Hematoma** 2. Second - **Granulation tissue** 3. Third - **Callus formation**

Question 53

**Bone Diseases**

Answer 53

1. **Osteoporosis**: is the most common bone disease 2. **Rickets Disease** - is abnormal softness of bones in children and is called **Osteomalacia** in adults

Question 54

**Bone Nutrition**

Answer 54

Good nutrition for bones includes: * **Vitamins**: * **A** - Controls activity of Osteoblast and Osteoclasts * **D** - Promotes removal of Calcium from Bones// * **C** - Matain Matrix * **Minerals** * **Calcium** + Phosphorus - Make the bone Matrix Hard * **Magnesium** - deficiency inhibits osteoblast * **Manganese** - Supports liagments

Question 55

**Bone Exercise**

Answer 55

1. Weight-bearing activities help build and retain bone mass 2. Removal of mechanical stress weakens bone through demineralization 3. Response to **mechanical stress increases** deposition of mineral salts and **production of collagen fibers** (aids in avoiding osteoporosis).