Unit 7 POST-CLASS ?'s

Question 1

1. Differentiate between the terms “preload” and “afterload”.

Question 2

2. Explain what each segment of a normal electrocardiogram represents (P-wave, pr- interval, QRS interval, T-wave).

Question 3

3. Describe “orthostatic hypotension” and list the conditions that increase the risk of this happening.

Question 4

4. Differentiate between primary and secondary hypertension

Question 5

5. List the stages of hypertension and the resulting blood pressure readings that would indicate each stage.

Question 6

6. Describe the stages of atherosclerosis in the order in which they occur.

Question 7

7. Describe how to calculate the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and what it means to the health of the patient.

Question 8

8. Describe the Ejection Fraction and indicate the normal levels for both genders.

Question 9

9. Describe how the sympathetic nervous system, Overactive RAAS and natriuretic hormones and electrolyte imbalances impact the development of primary hypertension.

Question 10

10. Explain the impact of inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic stress on primary hypertension.

Question 11

11. Explain how increased vascular resistance impacts development of primary hypertension (be sure to describe the role of the SNS system, arteriolar remodeling, and vessel dysfunction).

Question 12

12. Describe the cardiovascular complications associated with hypertension (heart, brain, blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, and encephalopathy)

Question 13

13. Describe the pathophysiology and signs and symptoms of Aortic aneurysms.

Question 14

14. Describe the pathophysiology and signs and symptoms of Thoracic aortic aneurysms.

Question 15

15. Describe the pathophysiology and signs and symptoms of Aneurysms in the extremities

Question 16

16. Describe the pathophysiology and signs and symptoms of Cerebral aneurysms in the circle of Willis

Question 17

17. Describe the pathophysiology and signs and symptoms of aneurysms in the heart.

Question 18

18. Describe what happens when the heart muscle suffers myocardial ischemia (be sure to talk about the length of time until recovery of the tissue is no longer possible and what happens then).

Question 19

19. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment associated with left- versus right-sided heart failure.

Question 20

20. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with pericardial effusion

Question 21

21. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with cardiomyopathy

Question 22

22. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with pericarditis (all types)

Question 23

23. Differentiate between systolic and diastolic left sided heart failure. Include a description of the signs and symptoms.

Answer 23

• Left-sided heart failure is aka as congestive heart failure, where the lungs are congested (pulmonary congestion) and the valves are weak and dilated.
• Systolic left-sided heart failure occurs when there is insufficient cardiac output (CO) for vital tissue perfusion. The ejection fraction is less than 40%. When contractility of the heart falls, stroke volume falls, and end-diastolic volume increases, which causes the heart to dilate and increase preload.
  S/S: dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, frothy sputum, fatigue, decreased urine output, and edema.
  S3 gallop also present.
• Diastolic left-sided heart failure occurs with a normal ejection fraction (normal SV and CO). There is an abnormal diastolic relaxation and a decreased compliance of the left ventricle. The pressure will cause pulmonary edema, as it backs up into pulmonary circulation. Diastolic heart failure can be in addition to systolic heart failure or without. Poor prognosis.
• s/s: dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, inspiratory crackles, pleural effusion.

Question 24

24. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with varicose veins

Question 25

25. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s disease)

Question 26

26. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Raynaud Phenomenon/Disease

Question 27

27. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with cardiac tamponade

Question 28

28. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with prinzmetal angina

Question 29

29. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with silent angina

Question 30

30. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with unstable angina

Question 31

31. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with stable angina

Question 32

32. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Cardiogenic shock

Question 33

33. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with hypovolemic shock

Question 34

34. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Neurogenic/Vasogenic shock

Question 35

35. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Anaphylactic shock

Question 36

36. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Septic shock.

Question 37

37. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 38

38. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Question 39

39. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Coarctation of the Aorta

Question 40

40. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Ventricular septal defect

Question 41

41. Explain how myocardial hypertrophy occurs in patients with complicated hypertension.

Question 42

42. Explain the Triad of Virchow and how this results in the formation of varicose veins or deep vein thrombosis.

Question 43

43. Explain how arterial thrombi form and in which patient the nurse would use the PTT (partial Thromboblastin Time) versus the PT (protime)/INR (international ratio) tests.

Question 44

44. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Superior Vena Cava Syndrome.

Question 45

45. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Peripheral arterial disease. Explain the ankle-brachial index used to determine the presence of PAD and explain why aerobic exercise is important even though it is painful for these patients.

Question 46

46. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Coronary artery disease

Question 47

47. Thoroughly describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and assessment findings associated with Acute coronary syndrome

Question 48

48. Explain what happens during a myocardial infarction. Be sure to discuss the flow of blood, accumulation of hydrogen ions and lactic acid, oxygen deprivation and electrolyte imbalance, release of catecholamines and angiotensin II. Explain Why these patients tend to have hyperglycemia 72 hours after the MI even if they do not have diabetes.

Question 49

49. Differentiate between mitral insufficiency (regurgitation) and stenosis and aortic insufficiency (regurgitation) and aortic stenosis (including signs and symptoms and assessment findings). Making a table would be very helpful.

Question 50

50. Thoroughly describe infective endocarditis.