Unit 7 pt. 2

Question 1

What are the 2 first lines of defense?

Answer 1

1. Epidermis
2. Lysozyme

Question 2

What are the 3 second lines of defense?

Answer 2

1. Inflammation
2. Dendritic cells
3. Phagocytes

(Lactoferrin?)

Question 3

What is the third lines of defense?

Answer 3

Lymphocytes

Question 4

An endotoxin is….

teichoic acid

peptidoglycan

Lipid A (part of the LPS)

the entire LPS

Answer 4

Lipid A (part of the LPS);

Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The endotoxin is specifically the lipid A portion of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule, which can cause strong immune responses in the host.

Question 5

Exotoxins are….

is released only after the bacteria are dead.

proteins secreted by both Gram positive & Gram negative bacteria.

is part of the Gram negative outer membrane portion of the cell wall.

can be categorized as a lipid

Answer 5

proteins secreted by both Gram positive & Gram negative bacteria;

They are not part of the cell wall and can be released during bacterial growth or when the bacteria are lysed.

Question 6

What is inflammation?

Answer 6

1. Inflammation: Inflammation is the body’s immune response to infection or injury, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain to protect and repair tissues

Question 7

What is lactoferrin?

Answer 7

2. Lactoferrin: Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein found in bodily fluids that inhibits bacterial growth by sequestering iron, essential for pathogens

Question 8

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 8

3. Dendritic cells: Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that capture and process pathogens to initiate adaptive immune responses by activating T cells

Question 9

What is the epidermis?

Answer 9

4. Epidermis: The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin that acts as a physical barrier to protect the body from pathogens and environmental damage.

Question 10

What are phagocytes?

Answer 10

5. Phagocytes: Phagocytes are immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, that engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and debris in the body

Question 11

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 11

6. Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes are white blood cells, including T cells and B cells, that are crucial to adaptive immunity, involved in recognizing and responding to specific pathogens

Question 12

What is a lysozyme?

Answer 12

7. Lysozyme: Lysozyme is an enzyme found in bodily fluids like tears and saliva that breaks down the cell walls of certain bacteria, contributing to innate immunity.