unit 8: dna barcoding

Question 1

DNA barcoding

Answer 1

short standardized regions used to identify species

Question 2

Sympatric Speciation:

Answer 2

New distinct species are created within the same geographic region without physical barriers, driven by factors like sexual selection and habitat differentiation

Question 2

Allopatric Specitation

Answer 2

When a species splits into new ones because a physical barrier stops gene flow

Question 3

Peripatric Speciation

Answer 3

When a smaller population is isolated and becomes differentiated to the point of becoming a new species

Question 4

Parapatric Speciation:

Answer 4

A species is spread out over a large area, which results in mating restricted to a vicinity
Different levels of a tree (high, middle, low) correspond to different types of birds
High don’t mate w/ low or middle (you get the point)

Question 5

What is the plant barcode of choice?

Answer 5

RbCl

Question 6

What is the animal barcode of choice?

Answer 6

COI

Question 7

Who was the first scientist to collect data on the structure of DNA?

Answer 7

Rosalind Frank

She source her DNA from the thymus of calves.

Question 8

What are the steps to DNA extraction?

Answer 8

collect cheek cells, burst open the cells, separate DNA from protein, isolate concentrated DNA

Question 9

Lysis Solutions

Answer 9

Contains detergent to break down cellular membranes and proteinase K to cut apart histones

Question 10

Concentrated Salt Solution

Answer 10

Causes proteins and other cellular debris to clump together

Question 11

What is found in the pellet and supernatant?

Answer 11

First, the DNA is in supernatant after salt is added, and the cellular debris and proteins are in the pellet. Afterwards, after the alcohol is added later on, it is vice-versa.

Question 11

Isopropyl Alcohol

Answer 11

DNA can be isolated because it is insoluble in alcohol

Question 12

What does PCR stand for?

Answer 12

Polymerase Chain Reaction, creates millions of copies of DNA and these are called amplicons

Question 13

What machine performs PCR?

Answer 13

Thermocycler

Question 14

What are the steps of PCR?

Answer 14

Denaturation (two strands separate), Annealing (primers being added), Elongation (TAQ Polymerase adds bases)

Question 15

What enzyme adds the bases? What are these bases called?

Answer 15

This enzyme is called TAQ Polymerase, which comes from Thermus Aquaticus. They add from 5’ to 3’, so they add to a 3’ OH. These bases are called dNTPs.

Question 16

What are dNTPs?

Answer 16

They are nucleotides that are being added to the growing sequence during elongation by the TAQ polymerase. They have three phosphates, 1 base, and a OH at the 3’ end.

Question 17

What are the ingredients of PCR?

Answer 17

Primer, DNA template, TAQ polymerase, dNTPs, also buffer/Mg