unit c

Question 1

Compound lens

Answer 1

• first made by HANS AND ZACHARIAS JANSSEN.
  
  • They used a two-lens system which magnified up to 20x.
• A compound lens microscope is a microscope that has two or more lenses.

Question 2

Robert Hookes microscope

Answer 2

• madea three-lens system. Magnified up to 20-50x.
• He was the first person to coin the term ‘Cells’
• saw the cell wall first.

Question 3

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek microscope

Answer 3

• used a single lens microscope, he magnified up to 250x. It was very powerful because the quality was amazing.
• first person to see the movement of single-cell organisms.
• created the term…… ‘ANIMALCULES.’

Question 4

M.J schleiden

Answer 4

Proposed that all plants are made up of cells.

Question 5

Robert Brown

Answer 5

Identified the nucleus and its importance in plant cells.

Question 6

T. Schwann

Answer 6

Proposed that all animals are made up of cells.

Question 7

R. Virchow

Answer 7

stated that cells only come from preexisting cells.

Question 8

cell theory

Answer 8

All living things are made up of one or more cells and the materials produced by these cells.

All life functions take place in cells, making them the smallest unit of life.

All cells are produced from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division.

Question 9

Advantages of light microscopes

Answer 9

It can magnify an object up to 1000x its original size.

Question 10

Limitations of light microscopes

Answer 10

You can’t view anything past bacterium

Cant resolve detail finer than 0.2 micro meters.

Question 11

Louis Pasteur

Answer 11

He did the S lid experiment.

The shape pattern allowed air to enter but DIDNT allow bugs dust and small particles to enter.

The experiment showed that the flask with an S shaped lid resulted no micro organisms growing.

Question 12

GFP, Green fluorescent Protein

Answer 12

They are protein that glows bright green when exposed to ultraviolet light.
»_space; was original found in a jellyfish named arquorea Victoria.

They could use the GFP to attach it to certain parts of a cell they want to study . Used in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s study.

> > You can also use GFP to get the benefits of staining but it doesn’t kill the cells.

Question 13

X-Ray crystallography

Answer 13

Special sensors analyzed patterns of X-Ray scattering with computer technology.

Allows them to learn details of molecular structure to help them learn how molecules work.

Question 14

Open system

Answer 14

> Open system a cell is an open system because it continuously interacts with its environment around them.

> exchange of matter and energy

Question 15

Semi-Permeable membrane

Answer 15

A semi permeable membrane is a membrane that only lets certain materials through.

Question 16

Cell membrane

Answer 16

> surrounds and protects the cell

> regulates the passage of materials between the fell and its environment

Question 17

Cytoplasm

Answer 17

Jelly like substance that allows movement.

Organelles are suspended in this substance

Also holds nutrients thay is needed for daily functions

Question 18

Nucleus

Answer 18

> contains genes / DNA. It directs the structure and function of the cell.

“The cells brain.”

Question 19

Ribosomes

Answer 19

> the site for protein synthesis

> Located in the endoplasmes reticulum, or free in the cytoplasm.

> rough e.r

> where amino acids are assembled into proteins through protein synthesis.

Question 20

Lysosomes + Vesicle

Answer 20

Animal cells only.

Vesicle containing digestive enzymes where materials and bacteria are degraded (or broken down) by the cell.

Garbage disposal of the cell.

Vesicle, a small membrane or sac that stored materials.

Question 21

Golgi apparatus

Answer 21

Where proteins and lipids are modified, repackaged and distributed to other parts of the cells.

Postal service of the cell.

Question 22

Mitochondria.

Answer 22

Powerhouse of the cell.

This is the organelle where food molecules are broken down, and the energy made is released, that is used by the cell.

where cellular respiration happens

Question 23

Cellular Respiration

Answer 23

the process where cells breakdown glucose to produce energy

Question 24

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 24

a network of folded membranes and tubes connected with the nucleus, where proteins and lipids are synthesized and packaged into vesicles.

ROUGH ER: ribosomes are attached here, and this is where proteins are synthesized.

Smooth ER, without ribosomes, where lipids are synthesized.

Question 25

Choloroplasts

Answer 25

only on plants. a green organelle that contains CHLOROPHYLL and is the site of photosynthesis.

Question 26

photosynthesis

Answer 26

The process by which plants use light energy to produce food in the form of carbohydrates.

Question 27

cell wall

Answer 27

> specific for plants. It's a rigid and supportive structure that is made of CELLULOSE that surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells.

Question 28

Hypertonic

Answer 28

a solution (the outside) has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell. Water will leave the cell; this is called PLASMOLYSIS. Plasmolysis is the shrinking of the cell. ex: too much salt outside the cell, water goes out and it shrinks the cell.

Question 29

Hypotonic

Answer 29

A solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell. Water will enter the cell; this is called cytolysis. Cytolysis is where there's too much salt IN the cell, water outside the cell goes into the cell, and it makes the cell bigger.

Question 30

Isotonic

Answer 30

The solution has the same concentration of solutes as the cell. Water will move in and out of the cell equally, keeping a healthy cell.

Question 31

facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins

Answer 31

diffusion of molecules across a membrane through binding with carrier proteins. DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY. > Carrier proteins are membrane proteins that help materials cross the membrane by changing shape. - occurs down a concentration gradient (low to high) and is considered a type of passive transport.

Question 32

active transport

Answer 32

Movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. IT IS AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. The carrier proteins work almost as a pump to move molecules/ions across the membrane. This process requires energy in the form of ATP.

Question 33

diffusion

Answer 33

movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 34

osmosis

Answer 34

The movement of water across a cell membrane, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 35

fluid mosaic model

Answer 35

A mosaic is a collection of different substances held together by a common material. The fluid-mosaic model is also the cell membrane proteins that are floating around in a jelly-like fluid known as the lipid bilayer.

Question 36

why are the cells the size they are?

Answer 36

because the bigger they are, the less efficient they are.

Question 37

exocytosis

Answer 37

The reverse of endocytosis. It allows the material stored in vesicles and vacuoles to exit the cell. > the membrane of the vesicle or vacuole fuses with the cell membrane, releasing its contents. > This process is important in the secretion of specialized cell products such as enzymes and hormones.

Question 38

endocytosis

Answer 38

Substances that cannot be moved by passive or active transport use ENDOCYTOSIS. - The cell membrane forms a pocket around the material - The membrane folds in, giving the material its own circle of vesicles. - transports its contents to other locations in the cell. - sphere may be a vacuole, which acts as a storage site for the material. uses ATP.

Question 39

A diagram from the textbook that shows the transportation of insulin

Answer 39

also in google class room in chapter 2.3 near the end.

Question 40

Advantages of multicellular organisms

Answer 40

division of labour - specialized cells for specific tasks. size - multicellular organisms are capable of growing larger throughout their life. Transportation is handled by groups of smaller cells. interdependence of cells - the life of the organism does not rely on one cell.

Question 41

apical meristemes

Answer 41

causes primary growth, like the lengthening of the plant. occurs at the tips of shoots and roots. they produce new leaves and flowers.

Question 42

Lateral Meristems

Answer 42

Causes secondary growth (widening of plant) Occurs at the cambium and produces bark on trees.

Question 43

Dermal tissue

Answer 43

The outer layer of cells that covers all herbaceous plants (which is the non wood plants.) in wood plants this is replaced by cork and bark. In the shoot system this tissue is mostly involved in the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Some epidermal cells secrete a waxy layer called the cuticle that helps protect the plant and retain water. In the root system this tissue is responsible for the uptake of water and mineral salts from the soil.

Question 44

Ground tissue

Answer 44

Makes up most the plant and is found under the epidermis. Provides strength and support in the stem. In roots, it is involved in the storage of food and water. In leaves, it is where photosynthesis occurs.

Question 45

Vascular tissue

Answer 45

Responsible for the transport of materials through the plant. These two tissues together are called VASCULAR BUNDLES.

Question 46

Xylem

Answer 46

Xylem tissue: moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up to the stem to the leaves where these substances are used in photosynthesis. It is made of non-living cell walls forming a straw-like structure.

Question 47

Phloem

Answer 47

Phloem tissue transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant it is made of long cells called sieve tube cells. Sieve tube cells are connected to companion cells which control the activities of the sieve tube cells.

Question 48

Function of the Mesophyll layer.

Answer 48

1. Palisade mesophyll tissue: they are long rectangular cells, responsible for photosynthesis and contains many chloroplasts. 2. Spongy Mesophyll: mainly responsible for gas exchange by diffusion.

Question 49

Functions of the cuticle

Answer 49

It helps protect the plant and retain water/ prevent water loss. >waxy substance that is secreted from the dermal tissue.

Question 50

Plant structure and organization

Answer 50

Cells > group cells became a tissue > group of tissue becomes an organ > group of organs become a system.

Question 51

Process of photosynthesis

Answer 51

Photosynthesis, water from the roots up to, carbon dioxide from the air and energy create oxygen and glucose. simplified: water, carbon dioxide, energy > oxygen glucose.

Question 52

Cellular respiration

Answer 52

Breaks down glucose and forms ATP. Carbon dioxide is released because of this process. Simplified: glucose, oxygen -> co2, h2o and energy.

Question 53

Function of xylem

Answer 53

Xylem tissue: moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up to the stem to the leaves where these substances are used in photosynthesis. It is made of non-living cell walls forming a straw-like structure.

Question 54

Function of phloem

Answer 54

Phloem tissue: transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant it is made of long cells called sieve tube cells. Sieve tube cells are connected to companion cells which control the activités of the sieve tube cells.

Question 55

Stoma and guard cell

Answer 55

The guard cell instructs the stoma to open or close. Stomas allow air in and out of chambers that connect to the ground tissue to speed up the exchange of gas (co2 and oxygen)

Question 56

Sink and source

Answer 56

Sink : the rest of the plant / the goal - where things are supposed to end up in. Source: leaves / where the things are from.

Question 57

Phototropic responses

Answer 57

Phototropism - plants that grow towards light this is called the phototropism. Positive phototropism means they grow towards the light. Negative phototropism meaning they grow away from light.

Question 58

How does polarity assist in the transport of water in plants? (Cohesion, adhesion and transpiration pull.

Answer 58

Polarity is molecules attracting to the opposite of their charge ( negative / positive) It helps with cohesion, adhesion and the transpiration pull. Helps with cohesion because the positive hydrogens stick to the negative oxygen elements. This is because of polarity. ^ Help is with adhesion, it’s the attraction water moleculed have to other substances, which also happens because of polarity. Which is the same as positive charge attracting to negative ones. (Same as cohesion.) Helps transpiration pull because they use both cohesion and adhesion.

Question 59

Polarity of water

Answer 59

Water moleculed attracted to each other because of the negative and positive charge. Positive hydrogen elements sticking to negative oxygen.

Question 60

Root pressure

Answer 60

It’s the upward force that use extorted force on the water molecules by the vascular tissue. This is where dissolved minerals are pumped into root cells via active transport. Created a hypotonic system inside the root cells. Then water is drawn in via osmosis. This then creates a high pressure in the root cells, lower pressure in the leaves. Fluid moves up the xylem, and the properties of cohesion and adhesion work together to keep water molecules together.

Question 61

Why do plants not need specialized organs for gas exchange. Ex. Why don’t they need lungs.?

Answer 61

They don’t need lungs because they have diffusion, stoma and guard cells, spongy Mesophyll, photosynthesis, lenticels. Diffusion : air moving through cell membranes. Stoma and guard cells : stoma allow air in and out of the organism. Guard cell tell whether the stoma opens or not. Spongy Mesophyll: they make gas exchange more efficient. Lenticels : they allow for gas exchange from parts of a tree trunk.