Biology > Unit One: Molecules > Flashcards

Unit One: Molecules Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

Water is the solvent that… (6)

A
  • Makes up cytoplasm
  • Makes up organelle fluid
  • Makes up intercellular fluid
  • Permits transport of substances
  • Is essential for blood and bodily fluids
  • Provides the medium for aquatic environments
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2
Q

What makes for the strong cohesive, adhesive, and surface tension properties in water?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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3
Q

How does capillary action work in different mediums?

A
  • Soil: Water adheres to the polar soil molecules and moves up to a plant
  • Cellulose: The cellulose is very porous and the apoplast pathway allows water to move through the cell walls
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4
Q

How does water move up the xylem?

A
  1. Water evaporates from the leaves which is cohesive to the xylem water
  2. The low pressure created creates tension
  3. Cohesion holds the water together as it moves up
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5
Q

What is the role of some substances being hydrophobic in organisms? (5)

A
  • Lipids: Used for storage without changing water potential
  • Hormones: Passes through the phospholipid bilayer
  • O2: Can be carried by hemoglobin
  • Fats: Can be carried by lipoprotein complexes in plasma
  • Cholesterol: Can be carried by fats
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6
Q

What does water transport for plants? (2)

A
  • Polar organic molecules such as glucose and amino acids
  • Ions and Ionic minerals in the xylem
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7
Q

What does water transport for animals? (6)

A
  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • CO2
  • Hormones
  • Metabolism waste
  • Antibodies
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8
Q

What are physical properties of water that have consequences on an animal’s environment? (5)

A
  • High specific heat capacity: Stable aquatic temperatures
  • High latent heat of evaporation: Sweat absorbs lots of heat
  • Thermal conductivity: Higher than air, loss of heat to environment
  • Buoyancy: Easier floating and swimming
  • Viscosity: Affects swimming difficulty
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9
Q

How are some animals adapted for aquatic environments?

A
  • Ringed Seal: Layer of blubber that provides buoyancy and maintains heat
  • Black throated loon: Oil coated feathers to reduce heat and streamlined body shape to swim easier
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10
Q

What is the Extraplanetary Origin of Water Hypothesis?

A

Asteroids from space carrying ice and hydrated minerals brought water to Earth as they have similar ratios of deuterium to regular water

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11
Q

What are the requirements for The Goldilocks Zone?

A
  • The temperature is good for water to be a liquid
  • The planets gravity can hold the water
  • A magnetic field that prevents solar winds
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12
Q

What are the Four main biochemical groups?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
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13
Q

What are the monomers of the four main biochemical groups?

A
  • Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
  • Lipids: Glycerol, fatty acids. phosphate groups
  • Proteins: Amino acids
  • Nucleic acids: Nucleotides
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14
Q

What are the properties of Glucose? (4)

A
  • Molecular Stability: Stable covalent
  • High solubility in Water: Polar
  • Easily Transportable: Soluble
  • Great chemical energy: When oxidation breaks covalent bonds
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15
Q

What is the difference between Amylose and Amylopectin?

A
  • Amylose: Carbon 1 bonds to Carbon 4, forming a linear structure
  • Amylopectin: Carbon 1 bonds to Carbon 6, forming branches
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16
Q

What is Glycogen?

A
  • A polysaccharide with more numerous branches than amylopectin
  • Excess glucose kept in liver and muscle tissue
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17
Q

What does alpha glucose vs beta glucose make?

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A
  • Alpha: Starch and glycogen
  • Beta: Cellulose, “branches” are caused by hydrogen bonding
18
Q

What are the three general conjugated carbon molecules?

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A
  1. Lipid + Protein = Lipoprotein
  2. Carbohydrate + Lipid = Glycolipid
  3. Carbohydrate + Protein = Glycoprotein
19
Q

What are the functions of Membrane Proteins? (5)

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A
  • Cell to cell chemical communication
  • Transport of molecules in and out of cells
  • Cell to cell adhesion
  • Catalysts due to enzymes adhering
  • Recognition of self or non-self body cells
20
Q

What is the equation for the formation of a triglyceride and phospholipid?

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A
  • 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids = 1 Triglyceride + 3 H2O
  • 1 Glycerol + 2 Fatty acids + 1 Phosphate = 1 Phospholipid + 3 H20
21
Q

What are the properties of different fatty acids?

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A
  • Saturated: Relatively high melting point and solid at room temperature: For animals
  • Monounsaturated: One double bond, lower melting point and oil at room temperature. For animals and plants
  • Polyunsaturated: Many double bonds: low melting points and oil at room temperature. For plants
22
Q

What is adipose tissue?

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A
  • Composed of cells that store fat in the form of triglycerides
  • Insoluble
  • Provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates
23
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid bilayers?

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A
  • Hydrophilic phosphate heads facing the cytoplasm
  • Hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing each other
24
Q

What are steroid hormones?

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A
  • Chemical messenger molecules produced by glands
  • Made up of cholesterol
  • Have a 4 ring structure
25
How many essential amino acids are there?
9 out of the 20 come from diet only
26
Why is there such a huge variety of polypeptides? (5)
- DNA codes for the order of amino acids - There are 20 different amino acids - Polypeptides can vary in length - Polypeptides can be modified by cells - Amino acids can be arranged in any order
27
What are some very common polypeptides? (6 in textbook)
- Hemoglobin: Globular, carries oxygen in blood - Keratin: fibrous structure for hair - Lipase: Globular digestive enzyme - Collagen: Fibrous, found in connective tissue - Histones: Globular, holds nucleosomes - Insulin: Globular, regulates blood sugar
28
What are the categories of the amino acids? (4)
1. Non-Polar: 9 2. Polar: 6 3. Ionized (-) Polar: 2 4. Ionized (+) Polar: 3
29
What are the four structures of protein?
1. Primary: Sequence and number of amino acids in a chain 2. Secondary: Alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonding between amine and carboxyl 3. Tertiary: Further folding of a chain due to ionized R groups, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds from cysteine, and hydrogen bonding 4. Quaternary: Made up of 2 or more polypeptides due to the same things as tertiary + covalent bonds.
30
What are structural features of Insulin? (3)
- Quaternary Globular - 51 amino acids long - Stored as dimers and hexamers inside the pancreas
31
What is the form and function of Collagen?
- Most abundant protein in humans - Makes up connective tissue - Provides tensile strength and elasticity - 3 polypeptides held in a helix shape
32
What is the general difference between globular and fibours proteins?
- Globular: Specialized roles such as enzymes, antibodies, hormones, signaling, etc... - Fibrous: Have a structural role
33
What are the nitrogenous bases for DNA and RNA?
- DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine - RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine
34
How does the bonding look in DNA?
- The phosphate group is covalently bonded to C5 in the deoxyribose monosaccharide - The Nitrogenous base is covalently bonded to the C1 in the deoxyribose monosaccharide
35
What are some differences between DNA and RNA? (5 in the textbook)
- Double-stranded vs Single-stranded - Deoxyribose vs Ribose - Thymine vs Uracil - Double helix vs Varying shapes - Genetic code vs Copy
36
What are some key nucleic acids? (4)
- mRNA: Synthesized from genes, determines the protein made - tRNA: Synthesized from specialized genes, transfers the correct amino acids to chains - rRNA: Synthesized from specialized genes, used to create ribosomes - ATP: Single-nucleotide used for chemical energy
37
How is DNA read?
- In triple codons - From C5-C3 when replicating
38
What are the stages of Protein Synthesis?
- Transcription: A DNA strand is opened and RNA is synthesized from complimentary based pairing - Translation: tRNA bonded to an amino acid pairs with triplets of mRNA
39
What is the purpose of Purines and Pyrimidines?
- Purines (Double rings): A and G - Pyrimidines (Single rings): T and C - Keeps the DNA strands a consistent distance from each other
40
How is DNA packaged?
- DNA is wrapped around 8 histone proteins with and extra holding the structure together - This forms a nucleosome, stacked and supercoiled nucleosomes from chromosomes
41
What happened in the Hershey Chase experiment?
- P32 and S35 put into Bacteriophages - The Bacteriophages infected E-Coli - Radioactive decay was found in the P32 E-Coli, proving that DNA was the genetic material
42
What is Chargaff's rule?
DNA contains the same number of adenine as thymine nucleotides, as well as the same number of guanine and cytosine nucleotides
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