Benefits of spas
- User friendly: point and dick interface
- Comprehensive statistical capabilities: wide range of statistical procedures
- Dat a management_ robust management tools like import, merge
4 Data visualisation= a lot of graphical option like bar charts, histograms.
5. Automation y scripting: programming capabilities helps to automate repetitive fast.
Limitations of sass
Cost
Programming is limited
Steep learning close
Memory limitation
Limited customniation
Data view purpose
Data entry = type value
Data inspection - scroll
Data editing = modify insert ou delete
Case selection = can select subsets for analysis
Data trans formations = simple like sorting, transposing
2 main windows of spot
l. Data view
a. Variable view
Variable view purposes
Variable definition: define new variables
Variable properties = view and modify various prop of existing variables
Value labels= can assign descriptive value labels to numeric codes
Missing value handling: helps you to define have you want to handle missing values
Variable documentation
Variable alignment
4 main type ofmeasurement scales to represent variable
- Nominal scale = to categorise data without any inherent order or value eg. Gender, race
- ordinal scale -to categorisedata which can he ranked ordered ag: educational level
3.. Interval scale - which has equal - interval but tack zero o point ag: calcium, t - Ratio scale = equal interval and zero point ag: height weight.
3 types of label in Saos
- Variable label F descriptive name for each variable sg: instead of gender, use gender of participant
- Value label = descriptive label to numeric codes eg: 1 for male, Z for female
- Ale label = short title for entire data file
Benefits of using label
. Improved data interpretation
Improved output readability
Reduced error
Better documentation
How to perform reliability test
I prepare data
2. Analyse → scale → reliability analysis
3. Select variables
4. Select model= Alpha
5. Run the analysis’s click ok
Normality of data
Degree to which the distribution of continuous variable follows normal distributions I Gaussian distribution or bells curve
Normal distribution properties
1-bell shaped = highest it is mean
2 symmetry: symmetric around mean
3. Mean, median mode are equal
4. Area under curve is l
Tests are classified into:
- Parametric test = assumptions about distribution le normal distribution ag; t-test, analysis of variance, SPCC, regression analysis
- Non parametric test ‘ = No assumption about distribution, data is ranked ago S chi square test.
