Unit Two Flashcards

Question

What are soft powers and what do they do?

Answer 1

Used to Deter Conflict 1) Co-option: potential opponents become closely tied eg. Germany and France, Canada and US (biggest trading and travel partners) - Golden arches theory - Dell supply chain theory 2) Public Diplomacy: create an ongoing positive change - Show up to other countries, show face 3) Government Diplomacy: International negotiations - Behind closed doors

Answer 2

Used when soft power doesn't work. 1) Aid Payments and Bribes: wealthy countries provide financial incentives to poorer countries for their support - US has been sending about 70 billion dollars of weapons to Ukraine. Can be done as a bribe, join us and we will give financial aid or we will stop giving it. Vote with us or you are in trouble. 2) Sanctions: measures taken by countries or orgs like the UN against countries to force them to change their policies - If aid payments don’t work. Stopping sale or import of another countries stuff. Canada have stopped certain people from Russia from ever entering their country. Can sanction countries from using their air space. A way to punish countries for doing bad things. 3) Force: warfare - symmetric or asymmetric (more common now)

Answer 3

Network of individuals and institutions involved in the production of weapons and military technologies. The military-industrial complex in a country typically attempts to marshal political support for continued or increased military spending by the national government.

Answer 4

Political Motives Uses fear Destroys sense of security Targets large groups Inhumane acts Threatens Domestic Asymmetrical → don't have power to fight militarily Revenge/frustration Clash of cultures (sometimes) Violence is involved (threat or use)

Answer 5

Changed society in many ways due to fear of recurring. Eg. Security to go through airports

Answer 6

operate within a country and don’t attack outside it

Answer 7

Is a theory that explains why preemptive strikes occur between two groups, out of bilateral fear of an imminent attack. The Hobbesian trap can be avoided by influences that increase the trust between the two parties. i.e.. Cuban Missile Crisis M.A.D. = Mutual Assured Destruction Where there is a lack of trust, countries are more selfish we are more likely to attack them in fear they will do the same to us.

Answer 8

What we do to make ourselves feel safer can have the unattended reaction of making others feel not safe. A situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an increase in the original state's security Eg. Russia is feeling threatened by countries joining NATO which is there way of feeling safe

Answer 9

Every nation and every individual benefits if others restrain their pollution, but we all prefer not to have to restrain our own. However, currently there are not any present day consequences for “Defecting” Unless all hope on board, it could mean “political suicide.

Answer 10

Cultural Fanaticism → Taliban, Hezbollah, Timothy Mcveigh, Resisting secularism (removal of religion from government). Unabomber - Ted kaczynski (revolution against modern industrial society/eco facism) With religion = believe they are morally right Psychology → personal dissatisfaction with life - Toronto van tragedy, “we vs they” Belgium and france - recruits Resistance to imperialism → real or believed - 1RA in Ireland, As-Qaeda in response to USA meddling in the Middle east Imperialism: expanding a country's state of their power, territory, influence across the world Injustice → feeling wronged - frustration - aggression theory Blowback: unintended consequences or reactions to your actions

Answer 11

European powers conquered most of the world through imperialism Middle east however was not and it was controlled under the ottoman empire At the end of WWI the ottoman empire lost (sided with germany)... European powers redraw the borders of the middle east (it comes under infidel control) This creates massive culture shock Next 40 years - middle east people get ripped off in the usal colonial way Becomes very poor 1940s a lot of the countries like Egypt, Iraq, Syria gained their independence The struggle for independence was messy - those who were apart of the military typically took over these countries (as they needed the military to back them) Many dictators form → lots of political and civil unrest/chaos They wanted to modernize and remain independent Wanted to replicate the success of the west while retain the arab culture Military dictators did not know how to run an economy Arab becomes the 2nd poorest region in the world Under these conditions revolutionaries emerge Bin Laden - believed following western ideals was inappropriate for Muslims His solution is Islamism → Political movment marrying the ideogly of Islam with political movements… extreme nonsecular movement Bin Laden cam from a Billionaire family and used his wealth to fun the Mujahideen (muslims who fight on belf of ther faith or muslim community) to fight Russians in Afghanistan They defeated the Russians (with CIA help) and this was seen as a HUGE vindication for his movement The goal is now to overthrow secular governments (not subject of bound by religious rule)... he was trying to assassinate the egyption government Saudi Arabia banishes him for his extreme activity (asked by the US) Moves to Sudan then to Afghanistan with protection of the Taliban Here he formed Al-Qaeda In the 1980s and 1990s targeted dictators in the arab world and killed “tens of thousands of people” Governments in their overreaction to the threat, responded by killing tens of thousands more Not a single regime was overthrown in this period. Col. (libya, Iraq, Syria, Egypt) and others remained in power for decades He realized if he attacks the US he needed to recruit “soldiers” for his revolution He hated the USA for their goriegn policy of interventionism and overthrowing governments and/or propping up regimes The plan is to hit the USA in the economic ‘heart’ and hopefully force a response If the USA invades and begins killing Muslims - he has his recruiting tool

Answer 12

Separation between religion and government

Answer 13

All Baath government employees including soldiers (mostly sunni) are banished from gov, losing their jobs

Answer 14

The study of mathematical models of strategic interaction among rational decision makers Deals with competitive situations where the outcome of a participants choice of action depends critically on the actions of other participants Game theory has been applied to context in war, business, and biology Especially in the business world between competitions

Answer 15

The prisoner dilemma is an example of game theory. This models the potential interactions between people, we can understand why rational beings sometimes make choices that seem counter - intuitive. Noncooperative game → demonstrates why two rational individuals would refuse to work together even if it might be in their better interest to do so In a cooperative game theory it’s in players’ best interests to form teams, and the bonds between teammates can be trusted. Together they work toward a shared goal.

Answer 16

Situation in which an individual profits from selfishness, unless everyone chooses the selfish alternative, in which case the whole group loses.

Answer 17

Opposing alliances of NATO and the Warsaw Pact both had the choice to arm or disarm. From each side's point of view, disarming whilst their opponent continued to arm would have led to military inferiority and possible annihilation. Conversely, arming whilst their opponent disarmed would have led to superiority. If both sides chose to arm, neither could afford to attack the other, but both incurred the high cost of developing and maintaining a nuclear arsenal. If both sides chose to disarm, war would be avoided and there would be no costs.

Answer 18

a situation in which each participant's gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other participants. If you think of the game of chess, if I win you lose, if you win I lose. There is not both kinda winning. Found in competitive sports

Answer 19

is a situation where one's win does not necessarily mean another's loss, and one's loss does not necessarily mean that the other party wins. In a Non-Zero-Sum Game, all parties could gain, or all parties could lose. Happens in the real world We both lose a little bit So the world does not just end tomorrow

Answer 20

Believe that the state is number one priority in the world The principal actors in the world are countries Believe we live in an anarchy (lawlessness) We live in a world anarchy → no world government, police, etc Causes us to be competitive by nature If you don’t take power someone else will take it from you Realists believe that our selfishness, our appetite for power and our inability to trust others leads to predictable outcomes. Perhaps this is why war has been so common throughout recorded history.

Answer 21

Realism can be seen as a self-fulfilling prophecy. By assuming the world is uncooperative and selfish, they are more likely to act in ways based upon this suspicion. Realism is often criticised as excessively pessimistic, since it sees the confrontational nature of the international system as inevitable. Realists are also accused of focusing too much on the state as a solid unit, ultimately overlooking other actors and forces within the state and also ignoring international issues not directly connected to the survival of the state.

Answer 22

The rights of an individual person to life and liberty and property should be a high goal of government Believe organizations are important to the world (united nations) Believe that war is not necessary and it can be avoided by working together in international groups If we interconnect our economies and globalize this will foster peace.

Unit Two Flashcards

(46 cards)