1
Q
___ is a rare neurological disease that affects motor neurons
A
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
2
Q
also known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease
A
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
3
Q
What does ALS Mean?
A
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
4
Q
What’s another name for ALS?
A
Lou Gehrig’s Disease
5
Q
Functions of the Nervous System
A
Sensory function
Integrative function
Motor function
6
Q
Nervous system uses its millions of ___ to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside of the body
A
sensory receptors
7
Q
The nervous system is unique among all other systems because within it, lies the ability of the human being to ___
A
know oneself
8
Q
the unique ability of the human being to know oneself
A
consciousness or intelligence
9
Q
Types of Sensory Receptors
A
Carbon Dioxide Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
10
Q
Carbon dioxide receptors process
A
Changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations ->
Medulla oblongata detects these changes and transmit messages ->
Brain signals the muscles in the heart, the lungs and diaphragm to increase or decrease the breathing.
11
Q
detects these changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations
A
Medulla oblongata
12
Q
To control the body temperature
A
Thermoreceptors
13
Q
2 places for thermoreceptors
A
hypothalamus
skin
14
Q
Sense organ that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound
A
Mechanoreceptors
15
Q
Types of mechanoreceptors
A
Merkel’s disk
Meissner’s corpuscle
Kraus end bulb
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini ending
16
Q
these are also known as tactile corpuscles
A
Meissner’s corpuscles
17
Q
these mechanoreceptors are found in the skin on
the fingertips and eyelids
A
Meissner’s corpuscles
18
Q
these are found in the vestibular area of the inner ear, where they contribute to the auditory system and equilibrioception
A
Hair cells
19
Q
means “sense of balance”
A
equilibrioception
20
Q
are receptors that are sensitive to light and can convert light signals into information to create a visual representation
A
Photoreceptors
21
Q
these allow us to see an enormous range of light: from starlight to full sunshine, and all the colors of the rainbow
A
Photoreceptor
22
Q
the term used to describe when nervous system process & interprets the sensory input and makes about what should be done at each moment
A
integration
23
Q
the term used when the nervous system sends information to muscles, glands, and organs (effectors) so they can respond correctly, such as muscular contraction or glandular secretions
A
Motor function
24
Q
The Nervous system is divided into:
A
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
25
The central nervous system is composed of:
brain
spinal cord
26
The peripheral nervous system is composed of:
motor neurons and sensory neurons
27
The motor neurons are composed of the:
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
28
The autonomic nervous system is composed of:
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
29
this organ receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts and emotions
Brain
30
this conducts signals to and from the brain, it also controls reflex activities
Spinal cord
31
carries orders from the CNS to the muscles and glands
motor neurons
32
carries orders from the sensory organs to the CNS
sensory neurons
33
this system controls voluntary movements
Somatic nervous system
34
this system controls involuntary movements
Autonomic nervous system
35
this division handles fight-or-flight responses
sympathetic division
36
this division handles the rest or digest responses
parasympathetic division
37
this organ is found within the cranium or skull with its three parts
Brain
38
The Three Major Parts of the Brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
39
this major division of the brain processes sensory information, helps with reasoning and problem-solving, and regulates autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions
Forebrain
40
this major division of the brain helps to regulate movement and process auditory and visual information
Midbrain
41
this major division of the brain helps to regulate autonomic function, relay sensory information, coordinate movement, and maintain balance and equilibrium
Hindbrain
42
The forebrain has two major parts called ___
telencephalon and diencephalon
43
Greek word meaning "end"
telos
44
Greek word meaning "brain"
enkephalos
45
the major components of the telencephalon
the cerebral cortex
the limbic system
the basal ganglia
olfactory system
46
the ___ is the folded or ridged outer layer of the cerebrum, and is composed of grey matter
Cerebral cortex
47
another name for neural cell bodies
grey matter
48
What is the difference between the cerebral cortex and the cerebrum?
The cerebrum is a collective term that
refers to the largest part of the four main parts of the brain (cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem), while the cerebral cortex is a specific term that refers to the outer layer of the cerebrum.
49
Its functions include sight, hearing, smell, and sensation, and controls higher functions such as speech, thinking, and memory
The cerebral cortex
50
___ is the uppermost part of the brain and is responsible for receiving and giving meaning to information from the sense organs, as well as controlling the body
Cerebrum
51
the 2 Cerebral Hemispheres
Left and Right Hemisphere
52
this hemisphere is for right-side control
Left Hemisphere
53
this hemisphere is for spoken and written language
Left Hemisphere
54
this hemisphere is for numerical and scientific skills
Left Hemisphere
55
this hemisphere is for reasoning
Left Hemisphere
56
this hemisphere is for left-side control
Right Hemisphere
57
this hemisphere is for musical and artistic skills
Right Hemisphere
58
this hemisphere is for space and pattern perception
Right Hemisphere
59
this hemisphere is for insight
Right Hemisphere
60
this hemisphere is for imagination
Right Hemisphere
61
this hemisphere is for generating mental images to compare spatial relationship
Right Hemisphere
62
The 4 lobes of the brain are:
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
63
this lobe is for executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing and problem-solving, emotions, behavioral control, and personality
Frontal Lobe
64
this part is for movement
Motor cortex
65
this part is for sensations
Sensory cortex
66
this lobe is for perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, and spelling
Parietal lobe
67
this lobe is for vision
Occipital lobe
68
this lobe is for memory, understanding, and language
Temporal lobe
69
this system is the part of the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to survival behaviors
Limbic System
70
Examples of survival behaviors include
feeding
reproduction
caring for the young
fight or flight responses
71
The structures in the limbic system includes:
the amygdala
hippocampus
thalamus
hypothalamus
basal ganglia
cingulate gyrus
72
It is a collection of cells near the base of the brain which processes fear, triggers anger and motivates the person to act
Amygdala
73
Is a small, curved formation in the brain that is involved in the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions
Hippocampus
74
It is a small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain, responsible in relaying motor and sensory signals to the brain
Thalamus
75
It is a small region of the brain, located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
76
the ___ considered to be a link structure between the nervous and the endocrine system, since its main function is to maintain the homeostasis of the body
Hypothalamus
77
Control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors such as teeth grinding, eye movements, cognition, and emotion
Basal ganglia or Basal Nuclei
78
Helps express the person’s emotional state through gesture, posture and movement
Cingulate gyrus
79
this also known as the "Bulge"
Cingulate gyrus
80
___ is a collection of neurons located just behind the olfactory bulb that works to identify the smell
piriform cortex,
81
Smell information also goes to the ___, a structure that serves as a relay station for all of the sensory information coming into the brain
thalamus
82
this system is for identifying smells
Olfactory system
83
___ is the region of the vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to posterior forebrain
structures
Diencephalon (“interbrain”)
84
this is also known as the "interbrain"
Diencephalon
85
the ___ relays sensory information, regulates the autonomic, endocrine, motor and sensory functions
Diencephalon
86
The diencephalon is made up of four main components:
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
87
It lies in between the thalamus and the midbrain and is responsible for include sexuality, food and water intake and maintenance of hydration, and cardiovascular activity
subthalamus
88
The ___ acts as a connection between the limbic system and other parts of the brain
epithalamus
89
Functions include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland (involved in circadian rhythms) and regulation of motor pathways and emotions
epithalamus
90
this is also known as the "midbrain"
mesencephalon
91
The ___ is the topmost part of the brainstem, the connection central between the brain and the spinal cord
midbrain
92
The midbrain consists of:
various cranial nerve nuclei
colliculi
tectum
tegmentum
crura cerebi
93
The ___ are horizontal structures spread out in the midbrain (III, IV), the pons (V, VI, VII, VIII), and the medulla (IX, X, XI, XII)
cranial nerve nuclei
94
At the top of the midbrain are the ___, which derives its name from the Latin word for 'hill
colliculi
95
It contains two pairs of bulging, layered bundles of neurons called the superior and inferior colliculi
colliculi
96
The ___ tracks and localizes objects.
While the ___ responds to visual images
superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
97
The ___ is the midbrain’s ventral and the ___ is the dorsal part
Tegmentum
tectum
98
___ is responsible for controlling basic body and limb movements
Tegmentum
99
___ is responsible for auditory and visual reflexes
Tectum
100
These are stalks that attach the cerebrum to the brainstem
Cerebral peduncles
101
These assist in refining motor movements, learning of new motor skills, and converting its awareness to balance and movement
Cerebral peduncles
102
It is the distal part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Brain Stem
103
a region of developing vertebrate brain which is composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum
Hindbrain
104
The hindbrain is also known as ___
rhombencephalon
105
Is a long stem-like structure which makes up part of the brainstem
medulla oblangata
106
the ___ is responsible for basic life support functions like breathing, heart rate, swallowing and digestion, and blood pressure
medulla oblongata
107
___ is an essential part of the brain located above the medulla
its functions are to relay sensory information to the cerebellum, connects forebrain to hindbrain, regulates breathing, and involved in control of sleep cycles
Pons
108
Latin for “little brain”, it is a major structure of the hindbrain that is located near the brainstem
cerebellum
109
Why is cerebellum called little brain?
The cerebellum is often called 'the little brain' because it shares many similarities with the cerebrum, the main portion of the brain.
110
the ___ extends through the central core of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
reticular formation
111
the ___ is an intricate system composed of loosely clustered neurons in what is otherwise known as white matter
reticular formation
112
the ___ plays a role in arousal and regulates the sleep/wake cycle
reticular formation
113
the ___ is able to tune out background noise), somatic motor control (tone, balance, and posture), cardiovascular regulation and pain modulation
reticular formation
114
How much of the brain is composed of gray matter vs white matter?
40% vs 60%
115
What is gray matter composed of vs white matter?
GM contains most of the brain's neuronal cells vs WM is made of bundles, which connect various gray matter areas
116
What is the function of gray matter vs white matter?
GM serves to process information vs WM allows communication to and from gray matter areas and between the gray matter and other parts of the body
117
When does gray matter fully develop vs white matter?
GM fully develops once a person is in their 20s vs WM develops throughout the 20s and peaks in middle age
118
What are the three structures that protect the CNS?
Meninges
Blood-brain barrier
Cerebrospinal fluid
119
this is composed of 3 layers of connective tissue that cover the spinal cord and brain
meninges
120
the ___ is the outermost layer of the meninges and the toughest
dura mater
121
the ___ is semipermeable network of blood vessels and nervous tissue that prevents the harmful passage of substances and pathogens from the blood to the brain
blood-brain barrier
122
the blood-brain barrier allows these into blood tissue:
O2
CO2
Alcohol
Anesthetics
123
the ___ is a fluid that circulates around the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
cerebrospinal fluid
124
this carries O2, glucose and other chemicals from the blood to nervous tissue and removes wastes and toxins produced by brain and spinal fluid
cerebrospinal fluid
125
The layers/meninges of the brain are:
Scalp
Skull
Periosteal dura mater
Meningeal dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
cerebral cortex
126
the forms the sheet that separates the cerebrum and cerebellum into the hemispheres and the cerebellum from the cerebrum
dura mater
127
this is the space between the arachnoid and pia maters
subarachnoid space
128
this is the space between the arachnoid and dura mater
subdural space
129
this is the space between the dura mater and the vertebral canal in the spinal column
epidural space
130
The three main layers of the meninges are:
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
131
this is the toughest and outermost layer of the meninges
dura mater
132
this layer of the meninges is filled with an intricate "web" of collagen
arachnoid mater
133
this is the innermost layer of the meninges, this lines every sulci and gyri of the hemispheres, contours the brainstem, and all the folds of the cerebellum
pia mater
134
The 3 main functions of the meninges are:
protecting the brain and spinal cord from mechanical injury
providing blood supply to the skull and to the hemispheres
providing a space for the cerebrospinal fluid to flow
135
The 12 Cranial Nerves
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal Accessory
Hypoglossal
136
this cranial nerve is for smell
olfactory
137
this cranial nerve is for vision
optic
138
this cranial nerve is for eyelid and eyeball movement
Oculomotor
139
this cranial nerve is for innervating the superior oblique and turning eyes downward and laterally
Trochlear
140
this cranial nerve is for chewing and face and mouth touch and pain
Trigeminal
141
this cranial nerve is for turning eyes laterally
Abducens
142
this cranial nerve is for controlling most facial expressions and secretion of tears and saliva and for taste
Facial
143
this cranial nerve is for hearing, equilibrium, and sensation
Vestibulocochlear
144
this cranial nerve is for taste, sense, and carotid blood pressure
Glossopharyngeal
145
this cranial nerve is for sensing aortic blood pressure, slowing heart rate, stimulating digestive organs, and taste
Vagus
146
this cranial nerve is for controlling trapezius and sternocleidomastoid and controlling swallowing movements
Spinal accessory
147
this cranial nerve is for controlling tongue movements
Hypoglossal
148
It is the “information highway” of the body & is the link between the brain and the nerves to the rest of the body
Spinal cord
149
___ neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root, carrying signals from the body to the brain
Afferent neurons
150
___ neurons exit the spinal cord from the ventral root before interfacing with their target muscles
Efferent neurons
151
Spinal nerves are also called ___ because they contain motor and sensory neurons
Mixed nerves
152
the ___ link all parts of the body by carrying impulses from the sensory to the CNS and from the CNS to the appropriate glands or muscles
Peripheral Nervous System
153
the ___ consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
154
___ carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscle or gland that contracts or secretes, respectively, in direct response to nerve impulses). Has multipolar neurons.
Motor Neurons or efferent division
155
this allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles.
Somatic nervous system
156
It is made up of nerves that connect to the skin, sensory organs and skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system
157
is responsible for nearly all voluntary muscle movements
Somatic nervous system
158
Processes sensory information from external stimuli like hearing, touch and sight
Somatic nervous system
159
Regulates events that are automatic or involuntary.
Autonomic nervous system
160
is commonly called as "involuntary nervous system"
Autonomic nervous system
161
Orchestrates the fight-or-flight response
Sympathetic Nervous System
162
Once the threat is gone the ___ brings all the system back to normal. It counterbalances the PNS.
parasympathetic nervous system
163
this type of cell transmits messages or impulses from one part of the body to another
Neurons or nerve cells
164
this part of the neuron receives signals from other cells
Dendrites
165
this part of the neuron organizes and keeps the cell functional
Cell body
166
this part of the neuron protects the cell
Cell membrane
167
this part of the neuron generates impulses in the neuron
Axon hillock
168
this part of the neuron allows diffusion of ions
Node of Ranvier
169
this part of the neuron produces the myelin sheath
Schwann cell
170
this part of the neuron controls the entire neuron
Nucleus
171
this part of the neuron transfers signals to other cells and organs
Axon
172
this part of the neuron increases the speed of the signal
Myelin sheath
173
this part of the neuron forms junctions with other cells
Axon terminal
174
The 3 types of neurons are:
Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron
175
a type of cell that supports neurons
Neuroglial cell
176
this neuroglial cell surrounds neuron cells in ganglia, regulate O2, CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
Satellites cells
177
this neuroglial cell surrounds all axons in PNS, responsible for the myelination of peripheral axons, participate in repair process after injury
Schwann cells
178
this neuroglial cell surrounds myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework
Oligodendrocytes
179
this neuroglial cell surrounds maintain blood-brain barrier, provide structural support, regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury
Astrocytes
180
this neuroglial cell surrounds line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord, assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
181
this neuroglial cell surrounds remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
Microglia
182
The different neurotransmitters are:
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Glutamate
183
ANAPHY101
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