Unknown Terms

Question 1

Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC)

Answer 1

refers to any way an individual can communicate besides speaking vocally (device, PECS, sign language, etc.)

Question 2

Behavioral Momentum

Answer 2

Describes the resistance to change in a behavior’s rate of responding
following an alteration in reinforcement conditions. This is one effect of the high-probability
request sequence.

Question 3

Total task

Answer 3

Teaching the complete behavior chain one step after another, and only
prompting when needed.

Question 4

Contingency

Answer 4

A contingency can be either a reinforcement or punishment that occurs after a
behavior has been expressed by an individual or group.

Question 5

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)

Answer 5

A procedure for decreasing
problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a
desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following
instances of the problem behavior.

Question 6

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)

Answer 6

A procedure for decreasing
problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is
topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld
following instances of the problem behavior.

Question 7

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)

Answer 7

A procedure for decreasing problem
behavior in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior
during or at specific times.

Question 8

Discrimination training

Answer 8

A procedure in which an operant response is reinforced in the
presence of a particular stimuli but not in the absence of that stimulus.

Question 9

Discriminative stimulus (SD)

Answer 9

This can be a demand/question or directive given to obtain a
specific response, or a naturally occurring signal that reinforcement is available.

Question 10

Duration

Answer 10

Duration recording measures how long (the amount of time) a behavior occurs. It
measures the amount of time a response is performed.

Question 11

Errorless learning

Answer 11

The use of instruction designed to prevent errors or incorrect responses.
Typically prompts are presented so that an individual engages in a behavior that is being
targeted. Once the individual is engaging in the behavior appropriately, then these prompts are
faded or removed slowly and systematically so that the correct behavior is made with few or no
errors.

Question 12

Executive functions

Answer 12

A set of mental skills that include working memory, flexible thinking, and
self-control. We use these skills every day to learn, work, and manage daily life. Trouble with
executive function can make it hard to focus, follow directions, and handle emotions, among
other things.

Question 13

Extinction burst

Answer 13

The increase in frequency and/or intensity of behavior in the early stages of
extinction.

Question 14

Fixed interval

Answer 14

A schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement is delivered for a correct
response after a set amount of time.

Question 15

Fixed ratio

Answer 15

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for a correct
response after a set number of responses occur.

Question 16

Fluency-based training

Answer 16

Focuses on rate of response and utilizes coaching to build
performance. Practice sessions begin as very short sprints (e.g., 10 seconds), and increase as
performance increases. Progress is tracked on a daily basis, and the learner is actively engaged in
tracking progress.

Question 17

Frequency

Answer 17

A process for documenting the number of times a behavior occurs. Also referred to
as event recording.

Question 18

Functional Analysis (FA)

Answer 18

Involves manipulating the environment to determine and understand
the function of a behavior.

Question 19

Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

Answer 19

The process by which behavioral interventions are
created. An FBA is intended to determine the function (or the reason) for a behavior, and then
create an intervention based on that function. It can consist of direct observations, caregiver
interviews, and standardized assessments.

Question 20

Functional Communication Training (FCT)

Answer 20

A teaching process used in ABA therapy that
aims to reduce problem behaviors and teach appropriate communication skills. FCT involves
identifying the function or purpose of the problem behavior, such as tantrums, and teaching a
more socially acceptable way of expressing the same need, such as using words, gestures, or
device.

Question 21

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)

Answer 21

A US law designed to
provide privacy standards to protect patients’ medical records and other health information
provided to health plans, doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers.

Question 22

High-Probability Request Sequence

Answer 22

An antecedent intervention that starts by presenting high-
probability tasks (simple, easy-to-complete demands that the learner is likely to engage in)
before placing a low-probability demand (one that is more challenging or something the
individual is less likely to complete).

Question 23

Individual Education Plan (IEP)

Answer 23

An individualized curriculum plan that children, adolescents,
or adults (usually up to age 22) have if they are in special education. An IEP is a legal document,
and the IEP process should be taken very seriously and with much consideration for the learner’s
future. If the child is under 3 years old and receiving services, they may have an IFSP, which is
an Individual Family Services Plan

Question 24

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 24

Reinforcing a specific behavior some of the time, but not each
time the behavior occurs. This can lead to strengthening a behavior and leads to extinction
resistance.

Question 25

Intraverbal

Answer 25

The intraverbal is a form of verbal behavior where the speaker responds to another's verbal behavior (e.g., like in a conversation). Intraverbal behavior is the most complex verbal behavior to teach.

Question 26

Momentary Time Sampling

Answer 26

A sample of the defined behavior in the exact instant you are taking data. Process: observer would define the interval of time, and look up at the end of the interval to record whether the target behavior was occurring or not.

Question 27

Motivating operation

Answer 27

Internal processes or desires that change the value of a reinforcer and the behavior that provides access to it.

Question 28

Operational definition

Answer 28

A clear description of behavior, making it easy for people to observe and measure. It must be transcribed so that people who read the meaning will quickly understand and be able to tell if the behavior is happening or not. There are both examples and non- examples of this.

Question 29

Overcorrection

Answer 29

A punishment procedure that requires the individual to restore or repair a damaged space or situation as a consequence for undesired behavior.

Question 30

Positive practice overcorrection

Answer 30

The most commonly utilized overcorrection strategy in ABA therapy. When an individual commits an offense such as a maladaptive behavior, the person must frequently practice the appropriate response to the event to reinforce the appropriate answer.

Question 31

Negative practice overcorrection

Answer 31

The individual would be told to repeatedly demonstrate the wrong or maladaptive behavior. In principle, repeating the maladaptive behavior would raise the person’s dislike to it, and the action would become more of a punishment

Question 32

Restitutional overcorrection

Answer 32

The person would be obliged to return to the original location of the maladaptive conduct and perform the adaptive action instead.

Question 33

Partial interval recording

Answer 33

A method of data collection when you mark if the behavior of interest occurred at any moment within a set interval period (it does not have to occur throughout the entire interval).

Question 34

Percentage/percent of opportunities

Answer 34

A derivative measure in which one calculates the number of correct responses over a number of opportunities to get a percentage. A percentage measurement expresses a proportional quantity, correct-to-incorrect responses.

Question 35

Perseverative Behavior

Answer 35

Repeating words, songs, phrases, etc., with a high frequency. Is not considered “stimming” since perseverative behavior may or may not be automatically maintained.

Question 36

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

Answer 36

A popular form of augmentative communication using simple pictures to assist individuals who are unable to communicate through spoken words. PECS can also be a stepping stone to effective communication that helps build the foundation for vocal communication.

Question 37

Premack Principle

Answer 37

First/then contingency; a high-probability behavior is made contingent upon a lower-probability behavior, then the lower-probability behavior is more likely to occur.

Question 38

Protected health information (PHI)

Answer 38

The demographic information, medical histories, test and laboratory results, mental health conditions, insurance information and other data that a healthcare professional collects to identify an individual and determine appropriate care.

Question 39

Rate

Answer 39

A measure that calculates the number of times a behavior occurs in a specific time interval (such as occurrences per hour). To determine the rate of behavior, you divide the frequency by the time measure.

Question 40

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 40

A stimulus that functions as a reinforcer due to past experiences, also called a secondary reinforcer. It has no reinforcing properties initially, but acquires them through occurring simultaneously with unconditioned or strongly conditioned reinforcers.

Question 41

Unconditioned reinforcer

Answer 41

Also called primary reinforcers, and are reinforcers that do not need to be learned, such as food, water, oxygen, and warmth.

Question 42

Response cost

Answer 42

A type of punishment procedure where wanted possessions are taken away. This can include tokens, other physical items, or special privileges

Question 43

Shaping

Answer 43

A process used to teach a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations to the target behavior.

Question 44

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 44

A phenomenon that may occur after a successful extinction procedure whereby the behavior reappears again in situations that are similar to those in which the behavior originally occurred. Spontaneous recovery is short-lived and limited if the extinction procedure remains in effect.

Question 45

Stereotypy

Answer 45

Often referred to as “stimming” or "stims". These are self-initiated, often repetitive movements (e.g., rocking, vocalizations, flapping, spinning, finger-flicking, and/or manipulation of inanimate objects) can be vocal or motoric. These behaviors often serve automatic reinforcement purposes, but that isn't always the case (function can vary), which is why the blanket term of "self-stimulatory behavior" can be technically incorrect.

Question 46

Stimulus control

Answer 46

Refers to behavior that occurs more often in the presence of a stimulus than in its absence. Stimulus control occurs when the rate, latency, duration, or magnitude of a response is altered in the presence of antecedent stimuli.

Question 47

Task Analysis

Answer 47

A step-by-step list of actions necessary to complete a specific behavior. The behavior is broken down into its component parts and then the learner is asked to engage in the behavior, for instance, “brush teeth”. Depending on their skill level the task analysis may be 10 steps or 40 steps. A task analysis may be in text or picture form. As the learner becomes more fluent with the task, the task analysis is shortened until the learner can perform the skill independently.

Question 48

Time-out from reinforcement

Answer 48

Withdraws the opportunity for a learner to access positive reinforcement for a short period of time if he or she demonstrates challenging behaviors.

Question 49

Variable interval (VI)

Answer 49

A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first correct response following a predetermined average amount of time.

Question 50

Variable ratio (VR)

Answer 50

A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses have occurred.

Question 51

Whole interval recording

Answer 51

A type of discontinuous measurement where you only mark that a behavior occurs during an interval if it occurs during the entire interval.