Drugs bind to the ____ in the brain. Afterwhich they change the _____. By doing so, they change how the neurons fire.
Receptors, shape,
1) The neuron receives chemical _______ signals from other neurons in the ______.
2) Those chemical signals are converted into _______ ______ that moves down to the s_____ and h_____.
3) Decision is made in the hillock if the electical current is strong enough - it triggers neuron to fire.
4) _____ _____ is sent down the a____ to the _______.
5) At the ________, the electircal current tiggers the release of the neurotransmitter to the _______.
1) Neurotransmitter, dendrite
2) electrical currents, soma, hillock
3)
4) Electrical current, axon, terminal
5) terminal, synapse
A myelinated axon is one that is wrapped in a layer of _____ _____.
Myelinated axons carry the electircal current more _____.
Fatty membrane, rapidly
White matter vs Grey matter
What is loss of white matter?
What is the loss of grey matter?
White matter is the myelinated axons.
Grey matter are the neurons and the other brain cells.
Loss of grey matter is loss of neurons.
Loss of white mater matter is loss of myelin that wraps axons.
Similarties and Diff of a neutron compared to other cells:
Same: Have necleus, a cell body, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc
Diff:
- can take many different ____ depending on fuction
- have larger _____
- consume large amount of ____ to stay in an excitable state
- shapes
- surface area
- energy
How does a neuron stay in an excitable state?
They maintain an electrical charge (separation of + charge ions and - charge ions) at their cell membrane called the membrane potential.
Presynaptic vs Postsynaptic neurons
Presynaptic - upstream neuron
Postsynaptic - downstream neuron
The upstream neuron (presynaptic) is also describled by the neurotransmitter it releases, as it affects the downstream neuron.
Dopaminergic means?
Glutamatergic means?
Dopaminergic releases dopamine.
Glutamatergic releases glutamate.
Whether the postsynaptic neuron is activated/ inacitivated is determined by?
When presynaptic neurons fire, it triggers the release of synaptic vesicles which are located in the axon terminal.
What is a synaptic vesicle?
A neurotransmitter that has been packaged into a sphere called the synaptic vesicle.
The faster the upstream neuron fires, the more neurotransmitters are released.
These then travel down through the synapse to the postsynaptic neuron.
____ ____ casuses the downstream nueron to fire more.
____ ____ causes the downstream neuron to fire less
Excitatory neurotransmitter.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter.
How does ion flow create electircal current?
Neurons contain + and - charged ions. These ions are continually pumped out of the cell, allowing the accumulation of positive ions outside the cell. The cell membrane prevents the + and - ions from attracting , but when a channel in the membrane opens up, the + ions rush into the cell creating electrical current.
What are exmaples of + and - ions?
Positive: sodium, calcium, potassium
Negative: Chloride
What is a resitng membrane potential?
How is it related to a neuron being polarized?
When a neuron is in the charged state and ready to fire. When neurons maintain a resting membrane potential become polarized. Meaning that + and - ions are kept separate.
Neurotransmitters change the resting membrane potential. What does a excitatory neurotransmitter do? what does an inhibitory neurotransmitter do?
Excitatory - depolarize membrane
Inhibitory - hyperpolarize membrane
Enough depolarization will cause a neuron to fire.
What is action potential?
When a neuron fire, it sends and electrical current down the axon hillock to the axon terminal. This is where the synaptic vesicles release their neurotransmitter.
What doe sit mena to repolarize?
When a neuron needs to reestablish it’s me,brand potential as it’s unable to fire in its current state. It’s like recharging.
What is pharmacology?
The study of drugs and their actions on the body
What are receptors?
Receptors are proteins on the cell’s surface. They sense the external environment and transmit info to inside the cell.
What is a ligand?
It is the item the binds to it’s respective receptor
1) What is an agonist?
2) What is an antagonist?
1) When a drug activates it’s target receptor by binding to it
2) when drug binds to the receptor and causes it to inactivate
