Untitled Deck

Question 1

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

Answer 1

The shaft of a long bone that contains the medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow.

Question 2

What are epiphyses?

Answer 2

The ends of the bone; contain spongy bone filled with red marrow.

Question 3

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 3

A hyaline cartilage growth plate in children; replaced by the epiphyseal line in adults.

Question 4

What is the periosteum?

Answer 4

The outer fibrous layer covering the bone; attachment for tendons and ligaments.

Question 5

What are perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers?

Answer 5

Collagen fibers that secure periosteum to bone.

Question 6

What is the endosteum?

Answer 6

A thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.

Question 7

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 7

Hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses at joints; reduces friction.

Question 8

What is the medullary cavity?

Answer 8

The central cavity in diaphysis; stores marrow.

Question 9

What is red marrow?

Answer 9

Found in spongy bone and medullary cavity of children; involved in hematopoiesis (blood formation).

Question 10

What is yellow marrow?

Answer 10

Found in adult diaphysis; serves as fat storage.

Question 11

What are osteons (Haversian systems)?

Answer 11

Structural units of compact bone.

Question 12

What are lamellae?

Answer 12

Concentric rings of bone matrix in an osteon.

Question 13

What are circumferential lamellae?

Answer 13

Layers of bone around the outer surface of compact bone.

Question 14

What is the central (Haversian) canal?

Answer 14

The center of osteon; contains blood vessels and nerves.

Question 15

What are perforating canals (Volkmann’s)?

Answer 15

Canals that run perpendicular to central canals; connect osteons.

Question 16

What are lacunae?

Answer 16

Small spaces housing osteocytes.

Question 17

What are canaliculi?

Answer 17

Tiny channels that connect lacunae for nutrient exchange.

Question 18

What are osteocytes?

Answer 18

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Question 19

What is hyaline cartilage?

Answer 19

The most common type of cartilage; smooth, glassy appearance. Found in articular cartilage of joints, costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, and epiphyseal plates.

Question 20

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 20

A flexible type of cartilage found in the external ear and epiglottis.

Question 21

What is fibrocartilage?

Answer 21

A tough, shock-absorbing cartilage found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of the knee.

Question 22

What are passageways for vessels/nerves?

Answer 22

Foramen, canal, fissure (e.g., jugular foramen, optic canal).

Question 23

What are bone markings for muscle attachment?

Answer 23

Tuberosity, crest, spine, trochanter, tubercle, epicondyle.

Question 24

What are points of articulation in bones?

Answer 24

Condyle, head, facet, trochlea.

Question 25

What is a special function of bone markings?

Answer 25

E.g., sella turcica = seat of pituitary gland.

Question 26

What is compact bone?

Answer 26

The dense outer layer; provides strong support.

Question 27

What is spongy bone?

Answer 27

The inner layer with trabeculae; houses red marrow.

Question 28

What are the types of cartilage tissues?

Answer 28

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage.

Question 29

What are the cranial bones?

Answer 29

Frontal, parietal (paired), temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid.

Question 30

What are the key structures of the temporal bone?

Answer 30

Zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, styloid process, mastoid process, carotid canal, jugular foramen, external & internal acoustic meatus, stylomastoid foramen.

Question 31

What are the key structures of the occipital bone?

Answer 31

Occipital condyles, external occipital crest, foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal.

Question 32

What are the key structures of the sphenoid bone?

Answer 32

Sella turcica, superior orbital fissures, optic canal, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale.

Question 33

What are the key structures of the ethmoid bone?

Answer 33

Crista galli, cribriform plate with foramina, middle nasal conchae, perpendicular plate.

Question 34

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 34

Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary.

Question 35

What are the sutures of the skull?

Answer 35

Sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoid, occipitomastoid.

Question 36

What are fetal fontanelles?

Answer 36

Anterior, posterior, mastoid, sphenoidal.

Question 37

What are the facial bones?

Answer 37

Mandible, maxillae, palatine (paired), zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal (paired), vomer, inferior nasal conchae.

Question 38

What are the key structures of the mandible?

Answer 38

Body, ramus, angle, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, mandibular notch, mandibular foramen, mental foramen.

Question 39

What are the key structures of the maxillae?

Answer 39

Palatine processes.

Question 40

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

Answer 40

Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5 fused), coccyx (3–5 fused).

Question 41

What are the key structures of the atlas (C1)?

Answer 41

Anterior & posterior tubercles.

Question 42

What is the key structure of the axis (C2)?

Answer 42

Dens.

Question 43

What are the key structures of the sacrum?

Answer 43

Sacral canal, sacral hiatus, ala, sacral promontory.

Question 44

What are the key structures of the coccyx?

Answer 44

Coccyx.

Question 45

What are the key structures of a typical vertebra?

Answer 45

Spinous process, transverse process, vertebral foramen, body, superior & inferior articular processes, intervertebral foramen, transverse foramen (cervical only), transverse costal facet & superior costal facet (thoracic only).

Question 46

What are the key structures of the sternum?

Answer 46

Manubrium (jugular notch, clavicular notch), body (sternal angle), xiphoid process.

Question 47

What are the key structures of the ribs?

Answer 47

Head, neck, shaft.

Question 48

What are the key structures of the clavicle?

Answer 48

Sternal end, acromial end.

Question 49

What are the key structures of the scapula?

Answer 49

Acromion, coracoid process, suprascapular notch, spine, medial border, lateral border, glenoid cavity.

Question 50

What are the key structures of the humerus?

Answer 50

Head, greater & lesser tubercles, intertubercular sulcus, deltoid tuberosity, radial groove, capitulum, trochlea, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, medial & lateral epicondyles.

Question 51

What are the key structures of the ulna?

Answer 51

Olecranon, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, styloid process.

Question 52

What are the key structures of the radius?

Answer 52

Head, neck, ulnar notch, styloid process.

Question 53

What are the components of the hand?

Answer 53

8 carpals, 5 metacarpals (#1 = thumb), 14 phalanges (thumb = 2; other fingers = 3).

Question 54

What are the key structures of the coxal bone?

Answer 54

Ilium, ischium, pubis fused; acetabulum, obturator foramen, pelvic brim.

Question 55

What are the key structures of the ilium?

Answer 55

Iliac crest, sacroiliac joint.

Question 56

What are the key structures of the ischium?

Answer 56

Ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, greater & lesser sciatic notches.

Question 57

What are the key structures of the pubis?

Answer 57

Pubic arch, articular surface at pubic symphysis.

Question 58

What are the key structures of the femur?

Answer 58

Head, neck, greater & lesser trochanters, medial & lateral condyles, patellar surface, adductor tubercle.

Question 59

What are the key structures of the tibia?

Answer 59

Medial & lateral condyles, anterior border, medial malleolus, tibial tuberosity.

Question 60

What are the key structures of the fibula?

Answer 60

Head, lateral malleolus.

Question 61

What is the patella?

Answer 61

The kneecap.

Question 62

What are the components of the foot?

Answer 62

Tarsals (7; talus, calcaneus named), 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges (big toe = 2, others = 3), arches of the foot.