What is the Grammar-Translation Method?
A traditional method focused on learning grammar rules and translating texts between native and target language. Originally for teaching Latin and Greek.
What are the characteristics of the Grammar-Translation Method?
Focus on reading and writing, classes taught in the mother tongue, vocabulary taught through word lists and translation, grammar explained in detail before sentence construction, little attention to pronunciation.
What are the advantages of the Grammar-Translation Method?
Suitable for large classes, can be used at all levels, easy for teachers with limited spoken ability, students can study independently.
What are the disadvantages of the Grammar-Translation Method?
Boring and lacks real-life communication, not suitable for young learners, no authentic spoken language exposure.
What is the Direct Method?
Teaches through direct association between experience and expression—no translation. Focus on communication in the target language.
What are the characteristics of the Direct Method?
Only target language used in class, grammar taught inductively, emphasis on speaking and listening first, vocabulary taught through objects, actions, and visuals, pronunciation and fluency emphasized.
What are the techniques used in the Direct Method?
Question & answer, dictation, reading aloud, paragraph writing, map labeling.
What are the advantages of the Direct Method?
Encourages speaking and spontaneous use of language, creates lively, communicative classes.
What are the disadvantages of the Direct Method?
Requires small groups and fluent teachers, hard to sustain varied lessons over time.
What is the Audio-Lingual Method?
Focuses on listening and speaking before reading and writing. Based on Behaviorism (stimulus-response-reinforcement) theory.
What are the characteristics of the Audio-Lingual Method?
Dialogues and pattern drills used for practice, language learning = habit formation, errors avoided; correct responses reinforced, teacher acts as a model; students imitate, mother tongue discouraged.
What are the key techniques of the Audio-Lingual Method?
Repetition, inflection, substitution, completion, transformation drills.
What are the advantages of the Audio-Lingual Method?
Builds listening and speaking skills, good for beginners and intermediate learners, promotes grammatical accuracy.
What are the disadvantages of the Audio-Lingual Method?
Repetitive and can be boring, requires fluent teachers, neglects creativity, reading, and writing.
What is Total Physical Response (TPR)?
Teaches through the coordination of speech and physical action. Students respond to commands using body movements.
What are the characteristics of TPR?
Learners act as listeners and performers, grammar taught inductively, focus on vocabulary and listening before reading/writing, stress-free, fun, and memorable.
What are the principles of TPR?
Listening and vocabulary first, regular repetition, learning language through movement and action verbs.
What are the advantages of TPR?
Builds strong vocabulary retention, inclusive for all ability levels, encourages active participation and positive learning.
What are the disadvantages of TPR?
Limited to action-based learning, may bore students if overused, not ideal for advanced or abstract topics.
What is Community Language Learning (CLL)?
Considers learners as ‘whole persons’ (intellect + feelings). Teacher acts as a counselor; students as clients. Learning through mutual trust and comfort.
What are the features of CLL?
Students choose topics, conversations recorded and analyzed, teacher provides translations when needed, process: Reflection → Recorded Conversation → Discussion → Transcription → Language Analysis.
What are the advantages of CLL?
Builds student confidence and independence, encourages collaboration and personal expression, low-stress learning environment.
What are the disadvantages of CLL?
Time-consuming, relies heavily on translation, students may lack direction if teacher too passive.
What is the Silent Way?
Created by Caleb Gattegno. Teacher remains mostly silent; students explore and produce language independently.
