biochemistry > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

(84 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Who first discovered and named the cell?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What material did Robert Hooke observe when he discovered cells?

A

Cork from plant tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Robert Hooke mean by the term ‘cellula’?

A

Small rooms that resembled the compartments he saw in cork.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was Hooke actually observing in cork?

A

Dead cell walls of plant cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells?

A

Cell biology or cytology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three principles of the cell theory?

A

1) All living organisms are made of one or more cells. 2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. 3) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of organisms are made up of only one cell?

A

Unicellular organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give two examples of unicellular organisms.

A

Bacteria and yeast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of organisms are made up of more than one cell?

A

Multicellular organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give two examples of multicellular organisms.

A

Humans and plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are microscopes important in cell biology?

A

Because most cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the magnification capability of a light microscope?

A

Up to about 1500x magnification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does a light microscope use to illuminate a specimen?

A

A beam of light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the magnification capability of an electron microscope?

A

Up to about 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does an electron microscope use instead of light?

A

A beam of electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why can electron microscopes show more detail than light microscopes?

A

Because electrons have much shorter wavelengths than light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Based on structure

A

what are the two main types of cells?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the word ‘prokaryote’ mean?

A

Before the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the word ‘eukaryote’ mean?

A

True nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the four components common to all cells.

A

1) Plasma membrane, 2) Cytoplasm, 3) DNA, 4) Ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

It separates the cell’s interior from the external environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like region where cellular components are suspended.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of DNA in a cell?

A

It stores genetic information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

A

They synthesize proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Give two examples of prokaryotes.
Bacteria and archaea.
26
Give three examples of eukaryotes.
Animals
27
Why are archaea rarely observed?
Because they live in extreme environments such as hot springs or salt lakes.
28
What are thermophiles?
Archaea that live in extremely hot environments.
29
What are halophiles?
Archaea that thrive in very salty environments.
30
What are methanogens?
Archaea that produce methane gas as a metabolic byproduct.
31
How are archaea similar to bacteria?
They are single-celled and lack a nucleus.
32
How are archaea similar to eukaryotes?
They lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall and are resistant to antibiotics.
33
What unique compound is found in the bacterial cell wall?
Peptidoglycan.
34
What is the function of peptidoglycan?
It gives structural strength and shape to bacterial cells.
35
Why do antibiotics affect bacteria but not eukaryotic cells?
Because antibiotics target peptidoglycan
36
Describe the shape of cocci bacteria.
Spherical.
37
Describe the shape of bacilli bacteria.
Rod-shaped.
38
Describe the shape of spirilli bacteria.
Spiral-shaped.
39
Where is genetic material found in prokaryotic cells?
In the nucleoid region
40
Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?
No
41
What form is DNA found in within prokaryotic cells?
Circular DNA.
42
How do the ribosomes of prokaryotes differ from those of eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have smaller 70S ribosomes; eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes.
43
What is one feature that only bacteria possess?
Peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
44
What are antibiotics designed to do?
Destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
45
What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotes?
70S ribosomes.
46
What type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotes?
80S ribosomes.
47
Do archaea have peptidoglycan?
No
48
Why are eukaryotes resistant to traditional antibiotics?
Because they lack peptidoglycan and have different ribosomal structures.
49
List at least four organelles found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells.
Nucleus
50
Which kingdoms mostly contain multicellular eukaryotes?
Animal and plant kingdoms.
51
Which kingdoms contain unicellular eukaryotes?
Protozoa
52
What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA?
Eukaryotic DNA is linear and enclosed in a nucleus; prokaryotic DNA is circular and free in cytoplasm.
53
Why are eukaryotic cells generally larger than prokaryotic cells?
They contain more complex internal structures and organelles.
54
What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotes?
To produce energy (ATP).
55
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
To synthesize and transport proteins and lipids.
56
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
To modify
57
What is the main structural difference between bacteria and archaea?
The composition of their cell wall; bacteria have peptidoglycan
58
Why can’t most cells be seen without a microscope?
Because they are smaller than the resolution of the human eye.
59
Who coined the term 'cell theory'?
Schleiden and Schwann.
60
What is a unicellular organism capable of doing independently?
Carrying out all necessary life functions within one cell.
61
What allows multicellular organisms to have specialized tissues?
Cell differentiation.
62
Why is Robert Hooke’s discovery important?
It introduced the concept of cells as basic life units.
63
What is a key characteristic of all living organisms according to cell theory?
They are made up of one or more cells.
64
What did later scientists add to Hooke’s findings?
That all cells come from pre-existing cells
65
Why are archaea resistant to antibiotics?
Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan and have unique membrane lipids.
66
How does the cell wall contribute to bacterial survival?
It prevents bursting from osmotic pressure.
67
What are the three common shapes of bacteria?
Cocci
68
What is the significance of the plasma membrane in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
It regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
69
How do antibiotics exploit differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
By targeting bacterial-specific structures like peptidoglycan or ribosomes.
70
Why is DNA considered the genetic blueprint of life?
It carries instructions for making proteins and regulating cell activities.
71
What feature of archaea is similar to eukarya but different from bacteria?
Lack of peptidoglycan and resistance to antibiotics.
72
What feature allows thermophiles to live in extreme heat?
Heat-resistant enzymes and membranes.
73
What feature allows halophiles to live in salty environments?
Specialized proteins that balance osmotic pressure.
74
How do methanogens contribute to the environment?
They produce methane in anaerobic conditions.
75
Why are ribosomes essential to all cells?
They are the site of protein synthesis.
76
Why is the plasma membrane described as selectively permeable?
It controls which substances can enter or exit the cell.
77
How does the cytoplasm support organelles?
It suspends and protects them in a fluid matrix.
78
What does the phrase 'basic unit of life' imply about cells?
Every function of life originates from or depends on cells.
79
Why are eukaryotes more complex than prokaryotes?
They contain specialized organelles for different cellular functions.
80
What is one way to distinguish archaea under a microscope?
They resemble bacteria but live in extreme environments.
81
Which type of microscope allows viewing internal structures of cells?
Electron microscope.
82
Which type of microscope is suitable for viewing living cells?
Light microscope.
83
What structural feature ensures bacteria retain their shape?
Peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
84
Why do eukaryotic cells grow larger than prokaryotic ones?
Their internal membranes allow compartmentalization of functions.
biochemistry
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions