Untitled Deck Flashcards

Question

Define **double blind procedure**.

Answer 1

A procedure in which both the participants and the experimenter(s) interacting with them are unaware of the conditions to which the participants have been allocated ## Footnote This helps reduce bias in the results.

Answer 2

Moral or philosophical idea that focuses on the concept of what is right and wrong ## Footnote Ethical concepts guide researchers in their conduct.

Answer 3

Enforceable standards that psychologists use to guide ethical decisions in practice, research, and education ## Footnote Ethical guidelines ensure the integrity of research.

Answer 4

Standards that guide researchers to identify good, desirable or acceptable behaviour ## Footnote Ethics are fundamental to maintaining trust in research.

Answer 5

The condition in an experiment in which participants are exposed to the independent variable; involves the experimental group ## Footnote This condition is compared against the control condition.

Answer 6

The group in an experiment exposed to the independent variable ## Footnote Experimental groups are essential for testing hypotheses.

Answer 7

Any influence on the results produced by the person carrying out the research; also called experimenter bias ## Footnote This effect can introduce bias into the findings.

Answer 8

The extent to which the results obtained for a study can be applied beyond the sample that generated them ## Footnote External validity is important for generalizing findings.

Answer 9

Any variable other than the independent variable that can cause a change in the dependent variable and therefore affect the validity of the results in an unwanted way ## Footnote Extraneous variables can confound the results.

Answer 10

A psychological experiment that is conducted outside the laboratory in a ‘real-world’ setting ## Footnote Field experiments enhance ecological validity.

Answer 11

A question that presents a number of fixed alternative answers from which participants are required to choose ## Footnote Also called fixed alternative question or fixed-choice question.

Answer 12

A question which allows participants to answer entirely as they want to ## Footnote Also called open-ended question.

Answer 13

A decision about how widely the findings of an investigation can be applied, particularly to other members of the population from which the sample was drawn ## Footnote Generalisation is crucial for the applicability of research findings.

Answer 14

Variable that is manipulated (controlled, selected or changed) in order to test its effects on the dependent variable ## Footnote The IV is the factor that is hypothesized to cause change.

Answer 15

Ethical guideline requiring that participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential risks, before agreeing to participate ## Footnote Informed consent is essential for ethical research.

Answer 16

The commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding, the honest reporting of all sources of information and results ## Footnote Integrity ensures transparency and trust in research.

Answer 17

The extent to which an investigation actually investigated what it set out to investigate ## Footnote Internal validity is crucial for establishing causal relationships.

Answer 18

Asking questions to obtain self-report data ## Footnote Interviews can provide rich qualitative data.

Answer 19

Moral obligation to ensure that there is fair consideration of competing claims and fair distribution of benefits ## Footnote Justice ensures equitable treatment in research.

Answer 20

A psychological experiment that is conducted within a laboratory setting ## Footnote Laboratory experiments allow for high control over variables.

Answer 21

Uses points connected by lines to show how one variable changes as another variable changes ## Footnote Line graphs are useful for displaying trends over time.

Answer 22

The arithmetical average of all the individual scores (or values) in a set of scores ## Footnote The mean is a measure of central tendency.

Answer 23

A score that indicates the central or average value of a set of scores; see also mean, median, mode ## Footnote Measures of central tendency summarize data effectively.

Answer 24

A statistic that indicates how widely scores (or values) are distributed or scattered around the central point ## Footnote Measures of variability provide insight into data dispersion.

Answer 25

The middle score (or mid-point) of a set of scores (or values) ## Footnote The median is another measure of central tendency.

Answer 26

A person’s thoughts, feelings and other mental activities that cannot be directly observed ## Footnote Mental processes are often studied through indirect measures.

Answer 27

An experimental design that combines the features of the within subject and between subjects designs ## Footnote Mixed designs can provide comprehensive insights.

Answer 28

The most frequently occurring score (or value) in a set of scores ## Footnote The mode is useful for categorical data.

Answer 29

A body of interrelated concepts (‘ideas’) that attempt to explain interrelated observations and make predictions about future events ## Footnote Models help in understanding complex phenomena.

Answer 30

When the researcher views and records behaviour of interest in the natural, ‘real life’ environment where it would ordinarily occur ## Footnote This method enhances ecological validity.

Answer 31

When two variables change in opposite directions — as one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease ## Footnote Negative correlations indicate an inverse relationship.

Answer 32

Avoiding the causation of harm ## Footnote Non-maleficence is a key principle in ethical research.

Answer 33

When the researcher tries to conceal their presence so that their observations are made in entirely inconspicuous manner ## Footnote This method reduces the risk of influencing the behaviour being observed.

Answer 34

Information that is observable, measurable, verifiable and free from the personal bias of the researcher ## Footnote Objective data enhances the reliability of research findings.

Answer 35

Collection of data by carefully watching and recording behaviour as it occurs without any intervention or manipulation of the behaviour being observed ## Footnote Observational studies are useful for descriptive research.

Answer 36

Define how variables will be manipulated as measured in a research investigation ## Footnote Operational definitions are crucial for clarity in research.

Answer 37

A point of view that is not necessarily based on verifiable evidence and can be disputed ## Footnote Opinions can influence perceptions but are not reliable data.

Answer 38

When performance on the dependent variable is influenced by the specific order in which an experimental task is presented rather than the independent variable ## Footnote Order effects can confound results in repeated measures designs.

Answer 39

An extreme measurement, one that significantly differs from all others in a data set ## Footnote Outliers can skew results and affect statistical analyses.

Answer 40

When a trained investigator studies a pre-existing group by joining it as a member, while avoiding a conspicuous role that would change what occurs in the group ## Footnote This method allows for in-depth insights into group dynamics.

Answer 41

A personal characteristic of a research participant that could influence their responses ## Footnote Participant variables must be controlled to ensure valid results.

Answer 42

A statistic that expresses a number as a proportion (or fraction) of 100 ## Footnote Percentages are useful for comparing data across different scales.

Answer 43

A fault or mistake by the researcher; also called human error ## Footnote Personal errors can affect the reliability of research findings.

Answer 44

A fake treatment that is like the independent variable treatment but which is actually neutral or has no known effect ## Footnote Placebos are often used in clinical trials to control for psychological effects.

Answer 45

When there is a change in a participant’s behaviour due to their belief that they are receiving some kind of experimental treatment ## Footnote The placebo effect highlights the power of expectation in research.

Answer 46

The entire group of research interest from which a sample is drawn ## Footnote Understanding the population is crucial for sampling.

Answer 47

When two variables change in the same direction ## Footnote Positive correlations indicate a direct relationship.

Answer 48

How closely a set of measurement values agree with each other ## Footnote Precision is important for ensuring consistent results.

Answer 49

Information collected directly by the researcher (or through others) for their own purpose ## Footnote Primary data is often more relevant and specific to the research question.

Answer 50

Non-numerical information involving the ‘qualities’ or characteristics of a participant’s experience of what is being studied ## Footnote Qualitative data provides depth and context to research findings.

Answer 51

Numerical information on the ‘quantity’ or amount of what is being studied ## Footnote Quantitative data allows for statistical analysis.

Answer 52

Data collection tool with a written set of questions or other prompts designed to collect self-report data ## Footnote Questionnaires can be administered in various formats.

Answer 53

Procedure used to place participants in experimental and control groups so that they are as likely to be in one group as the other ## Footnote Random allocation helps ensure that participant characteristics are evenly distributed.

Answer 54

An error due to some chance factor or chance variation in a measurement ## Footnote Random errors can affect the reliability of results.

Answer 55

Sample selection technique that ensures every member of the population of research interest has a genuinely equal chance of being selected ## Footnote Random sampling helps achieve a representative sample.

Answer 56

Data collection tool with fixed-response questions or statements for which participants rank each item by selecting from a number of choices ## Footnote Rating scales are commonly used in surveys.

Answer 57

The extent to which a measure produces results that are consistent, dependable and stable ## Footnote Reliability is crucial for the credibility of research findings.

Answer 58

The degree to which a specific research investigation obtains similar results when it is conducted again under the same conditions ## Footnote Repeatability enhances the trustworthiness of research.

Answer 59

A sample that closely resembles the population from which it is drawn in key characteristics ## Footnote Representative samples improve the generalizability of findings.

Answer 60

How close the results are to each other when an investigation is replicated under changed conditions ## Footnote Reproducibility is important for validating research findings.

Answer 61

A testable prediction of the relationship between two or more variables ## Footnote Research hypotheses guide the direction of studies.

Answer 62

A particular way of conducting a research study or investigation to collect accurate and reliable data on a question or problem of interest ## Footnote Research methods vary based on the research question.

Answer 63

A specific inquiry which the research seeks to provide a response to ## Footnote Research questions frame the focus of the study.

Answer 64

Consideration of, and due regard to, the extent to which living things have an intrinsic value and/or instrumental value ## Footnote Respect is fundamental to ethical research practices.

Answer 65

The subset or part of the population that is selected for a research investigation ## Footnote Samples are used to draw conclusions about the larger population.

Answer 66

Process of selecting participants from a population of research interest ## Footnote Sampling methods affect the validity of research findings.

Answer 67

Occurs when some members of a population are systematically more likely to be selected in a sample than others ## Footnote Sampling bias can lead to skewed results.

Answer 68

A graph that shows the scores (or other values) on two different variables measured in a correlational study ## Footnote Scatter plots help visualize relationships between variables.

Answer 69

Information that was not collected directly by the current researcher but was collected at an earlier time by someone else ## Footnote Secondary data can provide valuable context for research.

Answer 70

A participant’s responses to questions presented by the researcher ## Footnote Self-reports can provide insight into personal experiences.

Answer 71

Reproducing situations of research interest in a realistic way to investigate the behaviour and/or mental processes of individuals in that environment ## Footnote Simulation studies can enhance ecological validity.

Answer 72

A procedure in which participants are unaware of (‘blind’ to) the experimental condition they are in ## Footnote This helps reduce bias in participant responses.

Answer 73

An external factor associated with the experimental setting that may influence participant responses and therefore the results ## Footnote Situational variables must be controlled to ensure valid results.

Answer 74

Statistic that summarises how far scores within a set of scores spread out, or deviate, from the mean for those scores ## Footnote Standard deviation is a measure of variability.

Answer 75

A sampling technique involving sampling from different subgroups in the same proportions as they occur in the population of interest ## Footnote Stratified sampling helps ensure representation of key subgroups.

Answer 76

Information that is based on personal opinion, interpretation, point of view or judgment ## Footnote Subjective data can introduce bias into research findings.

Answer 77

A measurement error produced by some factor that consistently favours one condition rather than another ## Footnote Systematic errors can threaten the validity of research.

Answer 78

A body of interrelated concepts (‘ideas’) that attempt to explain interrelated observations and make predictions about future events ## Footnote Theories provide frameworks for understanding complex phenomena.

Answer 79

A procedure in which the participants, experimenters, and research assistants only doing data analysis are all unaware of the particular experimental conditions ## Footnote This method minimizes bias at multiple levels.

Answer 80

When something (e.g. a particular outcome) is not accurately or precisely known ## Footnote Uncertainty can affect the interpretation of research findings.

Answer 81

Ethical guideline requiring that no coercion or pressure is put on the participant to partake in an experiment ## Footnote Voluntary participation ensures ethical standards are upheld.

Answer 82

Ethical guideline requiring a participant being able to discontinue their involvement in an experiment at any time ## Footnote Withdrawal rights are essential for ethical research practices.

Answer 83

The extent to which a measure accurately measures what it is supposed to be measuring ## Footnote Validity is crucial for the credibility of research findings.

Answer 84

Something in which individuals, animals or objects differ among themselves, can change in amount or kind, and is measurable ## Footnote Variables are fundamental to research design.

Answer 85

The degree to which measures or values differ from one another ## Footnote Variability is important for understanding data distributions.

Answer 86

An experimental design in which each participant is in both the experimental and control groups or all the treatment conditions ## Footnote This design allows for direct comparisons within the same individuals.

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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