What is the difference between Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton?
- Axial Skeleton: includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
- Appendicular Skeleton: includes the limbs and pelvic girdle
The axial skeleton supports the central axis of the body, while the appendicular skeleton facilitates movement.
Name the types of bone classifications and provide examples for each.
- Long bones: femur, humerus
- Short bones: carpals, tarsals
- Flat bones: skull, sternum
- Irregular bones: vertebrae, pelvis
Bone classifications are based on shape and structure.
What is the anatomy of a long bone?
- Diaphysis: shaft
- Epiphysis: ends
- Metaphysis: growth plate region
- Medullary cavity: hollow center
Long bones are primarily composed of compact bone and contain spongy bone at the ends.
What is the function of articular cartilage?
To reduce friction and absorb shock at joints
Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.
What are the functions of PTH and Calcitonin?
- PTH (Parathyroid Hormone): increases blood calcium levels
- Calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels
These hormones regulate calcium homeostasis in the body.
What is hydroxyapatite?
A mineral form of calcium apatite that provides rigidity to bones
Hydroxyapatite is a key component of bone matrix.
What is the difference between spongy bone and compact bone?
- Spongy Bone: lighter, porous, found in the interior of bones
- Compact Bone: dense, forms the outer layer of bones
Spongy bone contains trabeculae, while compact bone is structured in osteons.
What are the main components of compact bone anatomy?
- Osteons: structural units
- Central canal: contains blood vessels
- Lamellae: concentric rings of bone matrix
- Lacunae: spaces housing osteocytes
Compact bone provides strength and support.
What are the steps in repairing a broken bone physiologically?
- Hematoma formation
- Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodeling
These steps are crucial for healing and restoring bone integrity.
Name the types of joints and their defining characteristics.
- Fibrous: immovable (e.g., sutures)
- Cartilaginous: slightly movable (e.g., intervertebral discs)
- Synovial: freely movable (e.g., knee, elbow)
Joints are classified based on their structure and movement capabilities.
What is the difference between proximal and distal?
- Proximal: closer to the point of attachment
- Distal: farther from the point of attachment
These terms are used to describe locations on limbs.
Describe the ossification process in four main steps.
- Bone formation
- Cartilage model development
- Bone growth and remodeling
- Maturation and mineralization
Ossification is the process of bone tissue formation.
What are the parts of the vertebral column?
- Cervical vertebrae
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Lumbar vertebrae
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
The vertebral column supports the head and protects the spinal cord.
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
- Tendons: connect muscles to bones
- Ligaments: connect bones to other bones
Both are types of connective tissue but serve different functions.
What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
Stores fat and serves as an energy reserve
Yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of long bones.
What is the function of red bone marrow?
Produces blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets)
Red bone marrow is primarily found in flat bones and the ends of long bones.
What is synovial fluid and why is it important?
A viscous fluid that lubricates joints and reduces friction
Synovial fluid is produced by the synovial membrane and is crucial for joint health.
What is the purpose of the spine curvatures?
To absorb shock and maintain balance
The natural curves of the spine help distribute weight and provide flexibility.
Name the types of synovial joints and provide examples.
- Hinge: elbow, knee
- Ball-and-socket: shoulder, hip
- Pivot: neck
- Saddle: thumb
Synovial joints allow for a wide range of motion.
What is the difference between adult bones and infant bones?
- Adult bones: denser, fully ossified
- Infant bones: softer, contain more cartilage
Infant bones are more flexible to accommodate growth and development.
