PSY 202 > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

looks for evidence-based, measurable outcomes

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2
Q

Philosophy

A

delves into abstract concepts and ethical dilemmas

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt (Structuralism)

A

an approach to psychology based on the idea that conscious experience Can be broken down into its basic underlying components or elements

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4
Q

William James (Functionalism)

A

an approach to psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose (function) of mind and behavior

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5
Q

Psychoanalysis (Freud)

A

much of human behavior is determined by mental processes operating below the level of awareness

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6
Q

Unconscious

A

the region where mental processes operate below the level of conscious awareness

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7
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

a method developed by Sigmund Freud that attempts to bring the contents of the unconscious into conscious awareness so that conflicts can be revealed

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8
Q

John B. Watson (Behaviorism)

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing observable behavior

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9
Q

B.F Skinner

A

Researched emphasized how behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it

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10
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

the study of mental functions such as sensory perception, attention, language, and memory

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11
Q

Neuroscience

A

Have been a part of psychology for over 100 years

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12
Q

Informatics

A

‘Information science’: the science of processing data for storage and retrieval

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13
Q

Psychoinformatics

A

an emerging discipline that uses tools and techniques from the computer and data sciences to improve of data through: Acquisition, Organization, Synthesis

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14
Q

Mind/body problem

A

a fundamental psychological issue asking whether mind and body are separate and distinct or the mind is simply the physical brain’s subjective experience

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15
Q

Theory

A

an explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts behavior or events

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16
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction, often prompted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the theory

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17
Q

H.O.M.E.R. approach

A

Hypothesize, Operationalize, Measure, Evaluate, Replicate/Revise/Report

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18
Q

Descriptive

A

studies that involve observing and classifying behavior

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19
Q

Correlational

A

studies of naturally occurring relationships among variables

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20
Q

Experimental

A

studies where a researcher manipulates (changes, alters) one or more variables

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21
Q

Independent variable

A

the variable manipulated by the experimenter; the cause

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22
Q

Dependent variable

A

the variable measured by the experimenter; the effect

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23
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

a statistical measure that quantifies the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables

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24
Q

Random assignment

A

Randomly put some participants in the experimental condition and others in the control condition

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25
Random sampling
Collecting samples of people at random from the population
26
Validity
the extent to which the experimenter can make confident statements about cause and effect
27
Construct validity
the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure
28
External validity
the degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations
29
Internal validity
the degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the independent variable and not to confounds
30
Reliability
the degree to which a measure is stable and consistent over time
31
Mean
the average
32
Median
the value separating the top 50% from the bottom 50%
33
Mode
the value that occurs most frequently
34
Standard deviation
a statistical index of how far most values are from the mean
35
Privacy
Some behaviors may be acceptable to observe without the subject being aware (the exception is for private ones)
36
Access to data
Researchers need to consider who will have access to the data they collect and protect participant data
37
Confidentiality
explicit or implicit guarantee that only researcher can identify the responses of individual participants
38
Anonymity
no personal or identifiable information is collect from the participants, nor can responses be linked to individuals
39
Informed consent
People who participate in research have the right to know what will happen to the them during the study (risks and benefits)
40
Relative risks of participation
The benefits of the knowledge gained need to be weighted against the possible physical, emotional, and psychological harm to the participant
41
Anterior Pituitary
secrets six hormones
42
Growth
stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration
43
Prolactin (PRL)
protein that is best known for its role in enabling mammals, usually females, to produce milk
44
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
regulates the development of reproductive processes of the body
45
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
in females, an acute rise of LH (surge) triggers ovulation. In males it is involved in the production of testosterone
46
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
the key function is to stimulate the production and release of cortisol from the cortex of the adrenal gland
47
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body
48
Sensorimotor stage
(birth to 2) Information is gained through the senses and motor actions
49
Preoperational stage
(2 to 7) Emergence of symbolic thought
50
Egocentrism
tendency to view the world through own experiences
51
Centration
paying attention to a limited range of aspect of an object (height rather than mass)
52
Conservation
knowledge that certain kinds of basic quantities (mass, number) do not change under superficial transformations
53
Concrete operational stage
(7 to 12 years) Better at conservation tasks
54
Formal operational stage
(age 12 to adulthood) Able to engage in abstract and hypothetical reasoning
55
Identity vs. confusion
(teens - early 20s)
56
Intimacy vs. isolation
(early adulthood)
57
Generativity vs. stagnation
(middle adulthood)
58
Integrity vs. despair
59
Sex
refers to biological and physiological characteristics
60
Gender identity
a personal sense of being masculine or feminine
61
Cultural identity
The sense of belonging to a group, shaped by factors like nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, traditions, and shared history
62
Theory of mind
the ability to explain and predict other people’s behavior by recognizing that they have different mental states
63
Attachment theory
John Bowlby’s attachment theory Proposed that thoughts, feelings, and behavior in close relationships are guided by a goal-directed system
64
Attachment Styles
Secure: distressed by separation, seek comfort on reunion, and use mother as a “secure base”. Caregivers are typically flexible, sensitive in responding
65
Avoidant
do not display distress, avoid caregiver, divert attention. Caregivers are often cold, rejecting
66
Ambivalent
highly distressed, unable to be reassured, do not explore. Caregivers are often inconsistent ranging from unresponsive to overbearing
67
Disorganized
incoherent behaviors. May be indicative of abuse, neglect, or pathology
68
Strange Situation
Mary Ainsworth found four main types of infant attachment styles
69
Greater quantity of screen use
associated with lower language skills
70
Better quality screen use
was associated with stronger child language skills
71
Dementia
A brain condition that causes thinking, memory, and behavior to deteriorate progressively
72
Frontal lobes
play an important role in working memory and many other cognitive skills, typically shrink as people grow older
73
Slowing of mental processing speed
74
Sensitivity to sound
also decreased with age, especially the ability to tune out background noise
75
Primary emotions
emotions that are innate, evolutionarily adaptive, and universal (shared across cultures): Anger, Fear, Sadness, Disgust, Happiness, Surprise
76
Secondary emotions
often blends of primary emotions: Contempt, Remorse, Embarrassment, Guilt, Jealousy
77
Circumplex model of emotion
The intersection of two core dimensions of affect
78
James-Lange theory
Physiology is: Quick: bodily reactions occur before subjective experience, Specific: different emotions have different physiological signatures, Necessary: subjective experience depends on information traveling from the body in the brain
79
Cannon-Bard theory
Information about emotional stimuli is sent simultaneously to the cortex and the body and results in emotional experience and bodily reactions respectively
80
Schachter-Singer theory
When people misidentify the source of their arousal, it is called misattribution of arousal
81
Ekman’s theories
Emotions are adaptations: they evolved to help solve survival problems
82
Emotion serves decision making
Provides motivation and guidance, helping ot assess relevance and risk, and influencing social interactions
83
Intrinsic motivation
doing an activity for its own sake due to personal enjoyment or satisfaction
84
Extrinsic motivation
doing it for an external reward or to avoid punishment
85
Self-determination theory
refers to the ability of individuals to make choices and determine their own actions
86
Implementations intentions
Specific “if-then” plans that link a critical situation cue to a planned response, helping to bridge the gap between a goal and action
87
Need to belong
It is the motivation to form and sustain at least a minimum amount of social connections
PSY 202
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