Untitled Deck

Question 1

Sodium — Function

Answer 1

Fluid & electrolyte balance; acid–base balance

Question 2

Sodium — Deficiency

Answer 2

Nausea, headache, confusion, muscle cramps, fatigue

Question 3

Sodium — Toxicity

Answer 3

Hypertension; edema

Question 4

Sodium — Sources

Answer 4

Processed foods

Question 5

Potassium — Function

Answer 5

Fluid & electrolyte balance; maintains heartbeat

Question 6

Potassium — Deficiency

Answer 6

Hypokalemia: muscle weakness, cramps, irregular heartbeat

Question 7

Potassium — Toxicity

Answer 7

Irregular heartbeat; cardiac arrest

Question 8

Potassium — Sources

Answer 8

Fruits & vegetables

Question 9

Riboflavin (B2) — Function

Answer 9

Energy metabolism; coenzyme

Question 10

Riboflavin — Deficiency

Answer 10

Cracked lips; inflammation of mouth & tongue; skin disorders; light sensitivity

Question 11

Riboflavin — Toxicity

Answer 11

Rare; excess excreted

Question 12

Riboflavin — Sources

Answer 12

Milk, dairy, eggs, enriched grains, asparagus, broccoli, leafy greens

Question 13

Niacin (B3) — Function

Answer 13

Energy metabolism; supports skin & nervous system

Question 14

Niacin — Deficiency

Answer 14

Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

Question 15

Niacin — Toxicity

Answer 15

Niacin flush; liver damage from high-dose supplements

Question 16

Niacin — Sources

Answer 16

Tuna, fish, poultry, beef, cereal, peanuts, asparagus

Question 17

Thiamin (B1) — Function

Answer 17

Energy metabolism; coenzyme for carb → energy

Question 18

Thiamin — Deficiency

Answer 18

Beriberi

Question 19

Thiamin — Toxicity

Answer 19

None from food

Question 20

Thiamin — Sources

Answer 20

Proteins & grains

Question 21

Iodine — Function

Answer 21

Thyroid hormone synthesis; regulates basal metabolism

Question 22

Iodine — Deficiency

Answer 22

Goiter; cretinism

Question 23

Iodine — Toxicity

Answer 23

Enlarged thyroid; thyroid dysfunction

Question 24

Iodine — Sources

Answer 24

Seafood, baked goods, milk, iodized salt

Question 25

Vitamin A — Function

Answer 25

Vision; gene regulation

Question 26

Vitamin A — Deficiency

Answer 26

Night blindness

Question 27

Vitamin A — Toxicity

Answer 27

Acute: nausea/vomiting/death; chronic: birth defects, liver/bone abnormalities

Question 28

Vitamin A — Sources

Answer 28

Beta-carotene (orange & dark green veggies), fortified milk, liver

Question 29

Vitamin E — Function

Answer 29

Antioxidant; protects cell membranes

Question 30

Vitamin E — Deficiency

Answer 30

Hemorrhage risk (inhibits vitamin K)

Question 31

Vitamin E — Sources

Answer 31

Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

Question 32

Zinc — Function

Answer 32

DNA synthesis

Question 33

Zinc — Deficiency

Answer 33

Poor growth, delayed reproductive maturation, decreased immunity, poor wound healing

Question 34

Zinc — Toxicity

Answer 34

Nausea, vomiting; copper deficiency; reduced immune function

Question 35

Zinc — Sources

Answer 35

Animal proteins, especially oysters

Question 36

Vitamin C — Function

Answer 36

Antioxidant; maintains connective tissue

Question 37

Vitamin C — Deficiency

Answer 37

Scurvy; easy bruising; bleeding gums

Question 38

Vitamin C — Toxicity

Answer 38

GI upset; kidney stones (high doses)

Question 39

Vitamin C — Sources

Answer 39

Fruits & vegetables

Question 40

Calcium — Function

Answer 40

Bone structure; blood calcium regulation

Question 41

Calcium — Deficiency

Answer 41

Osteoporosis; osteopenia

Question 42

Calcium — Toxicity

Answer 42

Kidney stones; hypercalcemia

Question 43

Calcium — Sources

Answer 43

Dairy; leafy greens; calcium-fortified beverages

Question 44

Vitamin D — Function

Answer 44

Blood calcium regulation

Question 45

Vitamin D — Deficiency

Answer 45

Rickets; osteomalacia

Question 46

Vitamin D — Toxicity

Answer 46

High blood calcium; calcified soft tissue; abnormal bone growth

Question 47

Vitamin D — Sources

Answer 47

Sunlight; fortified milk; enriched cereal; fatty fish; liver; egg yolk

Question 48

Magnesium — Function

Answer 48

Cofactor in 300+ enzymes; muscle & nerve function; bone structure

Question 49

Magnesium — Deficiency

Answer 49

Muscle cramps; fatigue; irregular heartbeat

Question 50

Magnesium — Toxicity

Answer 50

Cardiac issues

Question 51

Magnesium — Sources

Answer 51

Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green veggies, seafood, chocolate, hard water

Question 52

Fluoride — Function

Answer 52

Strengthens tooth enamel

Question 53

Fluoride — Deficiency

Answer 53

Increased cavities

Question 54

Fluoride — Toxicity

Answer 54

Mottled teeth

Question 55

Iron — Function

Answer 55

Oxygen transport in hemoglobin & myoglobin

Question 56

Iron — Deficiency

Answer 56

Iron-deficiency anemia; absorption interfered by calcium & fiber

Question 57

Iron — Toxicity

Answer 57

GI distress

Question 58

Iron — Sources

Answer 58

Heme: meat, poultry, fish; Non-heme: legumes, leafy greens, fortified cereals, nuts/seeds, whole grains; Vitamin C enhances absorption

Question 59

Folate — Function

Answer 59

DNA synthesis; neurotransmitter formation

Question 60

Folate — Deficiency

Answer 60

Anemia; birth defects (spina bifida)

Question 61

Folate — Toxicity

Answer 61

Masks B12 deficiency

Question 62

Vitamin B12 — Function

Answer 62

DNA synthesis; activates folate

Question 63

Vitamin B12 — Deficiency

Answer 63

Folate-like anemia; severe nerve degeneration (tingling, weakness, paralysis)

Question 64

Vitamin B12 — Toxicity

Answer 64

None

Question 65

Vitamin B12 — Sources

Answer 65

Animal foods; fortified cereals; nutritional yeast; meat substitutes

Question 66

Vitamin K — Function

Answer 66

Blood clotting; bone health

Question 67

Vitamin K — Deficiency

Answer 67

Excessive bleeding; impaired bone health

Question 68

Vitamin K — Sources

Answer 68

Dark leafy greens; green vegetables