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Untitled Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social organization in the context of economics?

A

How people depend on each other in a society to get things done and survive

This concept highlights the interdependence among individuals within a community.

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2
Q

Define the fission/fusion system used by nomadic groups.

A
  • Fusion: joining together when resources are plentiful
  • Fission: splitting into smaller groups when resources are scarce

This system allows groups to adapt to changing resource availability.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of bands in nomadic societies?

A
  • Small groups of 50-100 people
  • Flexible in size depending on resources
  • Nomadic or semi-nomadic

Bands adapt to their environment for survival.

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4
Q

What does the self-interested model in economics focus on?

A

Individual gain and personal benefit

This model emphasizes rational decision-making based on personal socio-economic interests.

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5
Q

What is the social model in economic behavior?

A

Focus on groups and community relationships

This model examines how individuals act economically and socially in relation to their groups.

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6
Q

What is the moral model in economic decision-making?

A

Focus on culture, values, beliefs

Economic decisions are shaped by cultural perceptions of right and wrong.

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7
Q

What are the three main modes of exchange identified by Marshall Sahlins?

A
  • Reciprocity
  • Redistribution
  • Market exchange

These modes describe different ways goods and services are exchanged in societies.

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8
Q

Define reciprocity in economic terms.

A

Gifts exchanged between people who know each other must be returned

This creates social bonds and mutual obligations.

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9
Q

What is generalized reciprocity?

A

Giving without expecting a return

An example is buying something for a friend without expecting anything in return.

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10
Q

What is the difference between balanced reciprocity and negative reciprocity?

A
  • Balanced: giving with the expectation of an equal return
  • Negative: trying to get more than what you give, sometimes unfairly

Negative reciprocity can involve deceitful practices.

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11
Q

What does capitalism entail?

A

An economic system where people can trade, sell, and buy things

Prices often change based on supply and demand.

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12
Q

What is conspicuous consumption?

A

Buying to show off status

This behavior often involves luxury products and high-end items.

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13
Q

What is invidious consumption?

A

Buying things to make others jealous

This type of consumption is often driven by social comparison.

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14
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

The way different kinds of oppressions overlap and connect to shape a life

This concept highlights the interconnected nature of social categorizations.

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15
Q

What does gender performativity suggest?

A

Gender is something we do, not something we are

This concept emphasizes that gender roles are learned and performed based on societal expectations.

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16
Q

Define hegemonic gender.

A

The version that is seen as normal or common sense

This includes societal expectations about gender roles, such as girls wearing pink.

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17
Q

What is biopolitics?

A

Using science and stats to manage populations

This modern form of power focuses on managing life rather than exerting sovereign power.

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18
Q

What is the concept of governmentality?

A

The art of governing using information

Governments use data and policies to guide how people behave.

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19
Q

What is a nation-state?

A

A government + a group of people it claims to represent

This concept emphasizes the political and social unity of a defined territory.

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20
Q

What does globalization refer to?

A

People, money, info, products, and cultures moving across borders faster than ever

This phenomenon has significant impacts on economies and societies worldwide.

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21
Q

What is a government?

A

A group of people it claims to represent

A government is responsible for making and enforcing laws within a defined territory.

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22
Q

According to Benedict Anderson, what is a nation?

A

An imagined community

This concept suggests that people perceive themselves as part of a larger group despite differing backgrounds.

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23
Q

What does nationalism involve?

A
  • Feeling loyalty to your country
  • Believing everyone inside it is somehow the same

Nationalism often obscures differences and ignores the diverse histories of its people.

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24
Q

Define globalization.

A

People, money, info, products, and cultures moving across borders faster than ever

While globalization is not new, its speed and volume have increased dramatically.

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25
What is **citizenship**?
Being legally recognized as part of a country ## Footnote Citizenship can vary in its definition and implications across different nations.
26
What is **legal citizenship**?
Accorded by the state, official on paper ## Footnote It may be difficult for migrants to obtain legal citizenship.
27
What is **substantive citizenship**?
Defined by actions people take to assert membership ## Footnote Examples include organizing community programs regardless of legal status.
28
What is **flexible citizenship**?
People who move between multiple countries for opportunity ## Footnote This includes individuals working in one country while maintaining ties in others.
29
Define **transborder identities**.
Living lives that constantly cross borders ## Footnote An example is a Hispanic woman living in Canada but sending money back to Mexico.
30
What are **naturalizing discourses**?
Ideas that make social categories seem natural ## Footnote They often ignore evidence and social contexts, perpetuating inequalities.
31
What is the **class** in social terms?
How much wealth, resources, and opportunity someone has ## Footnote Class distinctions can be influenced by historical events like the French and Industrial revolutions.
32
Who are the **proletariat** and **bourgeoisie** according to Marx?
* Proletariat: Workers who do not own land * Bourgeoisie: Owners of production ## Footnote Marx believed this relationship creates inherent conflict.
33
What is **class consciousness**?
When members of a class recognize their common interests and struggles ## Footnote This awareness can lead to solidarity among workers.
34
What does **solidarity** mean in a social context?
Recognition of class consciousness ## Footnote It involves workers supporting each other in their struggles.
35
What is a **caste**?
A rigid, birth-based hierarchy that you cannot leave ## Footnote Caste systems dictate social roles and relationships.
36
What are the **five categories** in the body metaphor of caste?
* Head: Brahmans (priests, teachers) * Arms: Kshatriyas (warriors, rulers) * Thighs: Vaisyas (farmers, traders) * Feet: Shudras (labourers) * Ground: Dalits (outcastes) ## Footnote This metaphor illustrates the hierarchical structure of caste.
37
Define **race**.
A category society created based on physical traits ## Footnote Race is socially constructed and used to rank groups and justify inequality.
38
What is **colourism**?
Prejudice based on skin shade within the same racial group ## Footnote It often leads to discrimination against individuals with darker skin.
39
What are **human rights**?
Basic things everyone deserves because they're human ## Footnote They should be universal but are often not respected in practice.
40
What is the **Universal Declaration of Human Rights**?
A document created by the UN after WWII to protect people's rights ## Footnote It legally binds countries to uphold human rights standards.
41
What is **strategic essentialism**?
Groups simplify or exaggerate parts of their culture to fit legal recognition ## Footnote This often occurs in legal contexts where cultural practices are evaluated.
42
What is **humanitarianism**?
Helping people simply because they are human ## Footnote It emphasizes the obligation to assist those in need, such as refugees.
43
What is **language**?
A system of made-up symbols (words) that humans combine to communicate ## Footnote Language is arbitrary, with different languages using different sounds for the same objects.
44
What are **Hockett’s 6 design features** of human language?
* Openness * Displacement * Arbitrariness * Duality of patterning * Semanticity * Prevarication ## Footnote These features distinguish human language from animal communication.
45
What does **openness** in language mean?
The ability to create infinite new messages using limited words ## Footnote Humans can form new sentences at any time.
46
What is **displacement** in language?
The ability to talk about things that are not here and not now ## Footnote This includes discussing past events or hypothetical situations.
47
Define **arbitrariness** in language.
No natural connection between a word and what it refers to ## Footnote Language is based on collective agreement about meanings.
48
What is **pragmatics**?
Understanding meaning using context ## Footnote Context is essential for interpreting language correctly.
49
What is **linguistic ethnocentrism**?
Thinking one way of speaking is 'proper' or 'correct' ## Footnote This perspective often leads to the devaluation of other dialects.
50
What is **play** in a social context?
Doing something for fun in a way that resembles the real world ## Footnote Play allows exploration of real-world ideas and social roles.
51
What is the significance of **art** in relation to play?
A form of play where reality is transformed creatively ## Footnote Art varies across cultures and is a means of expression.
52
What is the **definition of art**?
A creative way of expressing, representing, or reimagining things ## Footnote Art is difficult to define globally as different cultures have varying definitions.
53
Art is a part of the **openness of play**; it transforms real-world things using _______.
form, style, and media ## Footnote Art depends on culture, context, and perspective.
54
Name three **forms of art** mentioned in the text.
* Sculptures * Drawings * Music ## Footnote Art includes various forms such as theatre, literature, film, and photography.
55
Who is **Kenojuak Ashevak**?
An Inuit artist known for stylized, reimagined arctic animals ## Footnote Her work shows how art can bend reality.
56
What does **Annie Pootoogook** draw?
Real, ordinary Inuit life ## Footnote Her drawings depict simple moments with deep cultural meaning.
57
Describe the style of **Zdzisław Beksiński**.
Dark-surreal, dreamlike, and creepy paintings ## Footnote His work blurs the line between dreams and reality, invoking powerful emotions.
58
What does the **Chokwe pwo mask** represent?
An adult woman who has given birth ## Footnote Used in ritual performance, it teaches that ritual objects can be seen as art.
59
The **Four-armed Vishnu statue** is treated as art in Western museums but is originally considered _______.
religious ## Footnote This highlights how context changes the interpretation of objects.
60
Why is it difficult to define **art** universally?
Different cultures have different ideas of art ## Footnote An object's classification can change depending on context.
61
What are **myths**?
Sacred origin stories explaining how something in the world began ## Footnote They help people understand life, morality, and the world.
62
Define **folklore**.
All the stories and traditions a culture has ## Footnote It helps explain nature, religion, health, and everyday life.
63
What are the **key features of myths**?
* Sacred * About origins * Give moral lessons * Usually told orally ## Footnote Myths change over time and can be shown through images or performances.
64
What is the **stallo** in Sami myth?
A cannibal-like creature similar to the Algonquian wendigo ## Footnote It can be outsmarted and is part of a mythological world called Saivo.
65
What is a **rite of passage**?
A special ritual marking a significant change in life ## Footnote Examples include graduations, weddings, and funerals.
66
List the **three stages of a rite of passage**.
* Separation * Liminality * Incorporation ## Footnote These stages help individuals transition from one life stage to another.
67
What is a **worldview** in religion?
How a religion sees and explains the world ## Footnote It includes beliefs, practices, special people, taboos, and sacrifices.
68
Who is a **Tietaja**?
A kind of shaman in Finland ## Footnote They interact with the spirit world and can see the future.
69
What does **witchcraft** explain in society?
Why bad things happen in life ## Footnote It provides a cultural lens for interpreting misfortune.
70
What is **mangu** in Azande belief?
A substance in a witch's body ## Footnote It is believed to grow and indicates someone is a witch.
71
True or false: Witchcraft is a denial of natural causes.
FALSE ## Footnote It is a cultural way of explaining causation tied to human intention.
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