Compare and contrast pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
- Pharmacokinetics: Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- Pharmacodynamics: Study of drug effects and mechanisms of action
Understanding both is crucial for effective medication management.
Identify the roles and responsibilities of the nurse when administering medications to ensure patient safety.
- Verify medication orders
- Assess patient allergies
- Monitor for adverse effects
- Educate patients about medications
Nurses play a critical role in medication administration and patient safety.
Describe nursing strategies when managing the care of a client to prevent medication errors.
- Double-check medications
- Use barcoding systems
- Educate patients
- Maintain clear communication with the healthcare team
These strategies help minimize the risk of medication errors.
Explain the important components of Medication reconciliation and documentation.
- Accurate medication lists
- Review of current medications
- Communication with healthcare providers
- Documentation of changes
Medication reconciliation is essential for preventing errors during transitions of care.
Identify Scheduled or controlled drugs.
- Schedule I: No accepted medical use
- Schedule II: High potential for abuse
- Schedule III: Moderate potential for abuse
- Schedule IV: Low potential for abuse
- Schedule V: Lowest potential for abuse
Controlled substances are categorized based on their potential for abuse and medical use.
Identify teratogenic drugs ‘category’.
- Category A: No risk in controlled studies
- Category B: No risk in animal studies
- Category C: Risk cannot be ruled out
- Category D: Positive evidence of risk
- Category X: Contraindicated in pregnancy
Understanding teratogenic categories is crucial for prescribing to pregnant patients.
Explain first pass effect, half-life, maintenance dose, therapeutic index, peak, and trough.
- First pass effect: Drug metabolism before systemic circulation
- Half-life: Time taken for drug concentration to reduce by half
- Maintenance dose: Dose to maintain therapeutic level
- Therapeutic index: Ratio of toxic to therapeutic dose
- Peak: Highest drug concentration
- Trough: Lowest drug concentration
These pharmacokinetic concepts are essential for effective drug dosing.
Provide and explain the five Principles of Bioethics in Pharmacology.
- Autonomy: Respecting patient choices
- Beneficence: Acting in the patient’s best interest
- Non-maleficence: Do no harm
- Justice: Fair distribution of resources
- Fidelity: Keeping promises and commitments
These principles guide ethical decision-making in pharmacology.
List anti-hyperglycemic medications.
- Rapid-acting insulin: Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine
- Short-acting insulin: Regular
- Intermediate-acting insulin: NPH, detemir
- Long-acting insulin: Glargine/Lantus
- Biguanides: Metformin
- Sulfonylureas: Chlorpropamide, Tolazamide, Glipizide
- Thiazolidinediones: Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone
These medications are used to manage blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.
What is the mechanism of action of Thioamides?
Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis
Thioamides are used to treat hyperthyroidism.
What is the mechanism of action of Propylthiouracil (PTU)?
Interferes with synthesis of T3 and T4 and prevents conversion of T4 to T3
PTU is used in the management of hyperthyroidism.
What is the mechanism of action of methimazole (Tapazole)?
Blocks synthesis of thyroid hormone
Methimazole is another medication used for hyperthyroidism.
What is the mechanism of action of Radioactive iodine?
Eradicates overactive thyroid cells
Used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
What is the mechanism of action of iodine-131, Lugol’s solution?
Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis
Used in the management of hyperthyroidism.
List adrenal drugs.
- Hydrocortisone
- Prednisone
- Dexamethasone
These medications are used to treat various adrenal insufficiencies.
What is the mechanism of action of Ketoconazole?
Blocks cortisol synthesis
Ketoconazole is used in the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome.
Identify altered gastrointestinal function medications.
- Dopamine antagonists: Prochlorperazine, Metoclopramide, Promethazine
- Antihistamines: Dimenhydrinate, Hydroxyzine
- Anticholinergics: Scopolamine
- Cannabinoids: Dronabinol
- Glucocorticoids: Dexamethasone
- Benzodiazepines: Lorazepam
- Serotonin receptor antagonists: Ondansetron
These medications are used to manage nausea and vomiting.
List anti-infectives.
- Amoxicillin
- Clarithromycin
- Metronidazole
- Tetracycline
- Tinidazole
These antibiotics are used to treat various infections.
List anti-ulcer medications.
- Histamine 2 receptor antagonists: Cimetidine
- Proton pump inhibitors: Omeprazole, Pantoprazole, Lansoprazole, Esomeprazole
These medications are used to treat peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Identify lipid-soluble vitamins.
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
These vitamins are essential for various bodily functions.
Identify water-soluble vitamins.
- Vitamin C
- B Complex vitamins
These vitamins are important for energy metabolism and overall health.
What is parenteral nutrition?
- Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN): Hyperalimentation
- Peripheral vein: Short-term
- Central vein: Long-term
- Assess patient’s glucose level
TPN is used for patients who cannot eat or absorb nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract.
Identify narcotic analgesics.
- Morphine
- Oxycodone
- Hydromorphone
These medications are used for pain management.
List musculoskeletal function medications.
- Antispasmodics
- Muscle relaxants
- Bisphosphonates
- Calcium supplements
- Vitamin D therapy
- Uric acid inhibitors
- Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
These medications are used to manage musculoskeletal disorders.
