Untitled Deck

Question 1

What are the 6 parts of the Scientific Method?

Answer 1

• Ask a question
• Gather information
• Make a hypothesis
• Test hypothesis by creating an experiment
• Analyze data
• Draw a conclusion

These steps guide scientific inquiry and experimentation.

Question 2

How do you write a hypothesis?

Answer 2

If… Then… Because…

A hypothesis is a claim made from educated guesses that can be tested or proven.

Question 3

Define Control Group in an experiment.

Answer 3

The group that you base your experiment off of the most realistic or normal

It serves as a baseline to compare the effects of the experimental group.

Question 4

Define Experimental Group.

Answer 4

The group you are changing and measuring in an experiment

This group is subjected to the independent variable.

Question 5

What is an Independent Variable?

Answer 5

The variable you are purposely changing

It is the factor that is manipulated in an experiment.

Question 6

What is a Dependent Variable?

Answer 6

The variable being tested/measured and being changed from the independent variable

It is the outcome that is observed in response to changes in the independent variable.

Question 7

Define Constant Variables.

Answer 7

The variables that stay the same the entire time

These are controlled to ensure a fair test.

Question 8

What is a Scientific Model?

Answer 8

Representation of an object or event that is too big or too hard to look at

Models help visualize complex concepts.

Question 9

Define Scientific Law.

Answer 9

A statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature

Laws describe observed phenomena but do not explain why they occur.

Question 10

What is a Scientific Theory?

Answer 10

An explanation of things from the natural world that is widely believed as true

Theories are based on extensive evidence and can change with new discoveries.

Question 11

What is a Bar Graph used for?

Answer 11

Used when you are trying to see each thing individually compared to others

Bar graphs are versatile for displaying categorical data.

Question 12

When should you use a Pie Chart?

Answer 12

When you are making an overall chart

Pie charts show proportions of a whole.

Question 13

What is a Line Graph used for?

Answer 13

When you’re trying to see the difference in the overall decrease or increase over time

Line graphs are effective for showing trends.

Question 14

Who uses the Metric System and why is it preferred?

Answer 14

Everyone except for the U.S.

It is preferred because it allows for easier conversions and standardization.

Question 15

What is the difference between Origin Science and Operational Science?

Answer 15

• Operational Science: Explores repeated present-day processes (e.g., gravity)
• Origin Science: Explores non-repeated past events (e.g., human life)

These branches of science focus on different types of inquiry.

Question 16

Define Precision.

Answer 16

The amount of times you get the same answer, regardless of correctness

Precision indicates consistency in measurements.

Question 17

Define Accuracy.

Answer 17

How close you get to the right answer

Accuracy reflects the correctness of a measurement.

Question 18

List Lab Safety rules.

Answer 18

• Wear safety goggles
• Keep all beakers below eye level
• Don’t eat or drink anything
• No horseplay
• Report all accidents or spills

These rules help prevent accidents and ensure a safe working environment.

Question 19

What are Mixtures?

Answer 19

Many different compounds or elements that are not chemically combined

Mixtures can be separated by physical means.

Question 20

Define Solutions.

Answer 20

Completely mixed with no difference

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.

Question 21

What are Suspensions?

Answer 21

Will separate with time (e.g., milk and soda)

Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures.

Question 22

What is an Element?

Answer 22

Something on the periodic table

Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further.

Question 23

Define Compounds.

Answer 23

Two or more substances that become chemically bonded together

Compounds have properties different from their constituent elements.

Question 24

What are Chemical Properties?

Answer 24

Change in substances (e.g., roasted marshmallow)

Chemical properties describe a substance’s ability to undergo chemical changes.

Question 25

What are **Physical Properties**?

Answer 25

Just a change in appearance but the actual thing doesn’t change (e.g., water turning into ice) ## Footnote Physical properties can be observed without changing the substance.

Question 26

What are **Chemical Changes**?

Answer 26

Composition changes creating a new substance; not reversible ## Footnote Indicators include color change, temperature change, gas production, and precipitate formation.

Question 27

What are **Physical Changes**?

Answer 27

The composition of a substance does not change fully; reversible ## Footnote Examples include changes in state, like melting or freezing.

Question 28

What are **Phase Changes**?

Answer 28

* Melting (solid to liquid) * Freezing (liquid to solid) * Boiling (liquid to gas) ## Footnote Phase changes require heat and do not alter the chemical composition.

Question 29

What does the **Kinetic Theory of Matter** state about particle movement in each state?

Answer 29

Freezing particles are slowing down and condensing together to make an organized shape ## Footnote This theory explains the behavior of particles in solids, liquids, and gases.

Question 30

What affects **Gas Pressure**?

Answer 30

* Temperature * Volume * Number of particles ## Footnote These factors are interrelated and described by gas laws.

Question 31

What happens to particles when **Temperature Increases**?

Answer 31

Particles move a lot faster and are farther apart ## Footnote Increased temperature leads to increased kinetic energy.

Question 32

What happens to particles when **Temperature Decreases**?

Answer 32

Particles slow down and get closer together ## Footnote Decreased temperature results in decreased kinetic energy.

Question 33

What does **Boyle's Law** state?

Answer 33

If the volume gets smaller, the pressure gets higher ## Footnote This law describes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume.

Question 34

What does **Charles’s Law** state?

Answer 34

The higher the temperature, the higher the volume ## Footnote This law describes the direct relationship between temperature and volume.

Question 35

What does **Gay-Lussac’s Law** state?

Answer 35

If the temperature gets higher, the pressure gets higher ## Footnote This law describes the direct relationship between temperature and pressure.

Question 36

What is an **Atom**?

Answer 36

The fundamental building block of all matter, the smallest unit of an element that retains that element's properties ## Footnote Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Question 37

What is the **Nucleus** of an atom?

Answer 37

The middle of the atom ## Footnote It contains protons and neutrons.

Question 38

What is a **Proton**?

Answer 38

* Charge: positive * Location: Inside the nucleus * Mass: Plus 1 * Role: Changes the name of the element ## Footnote Protons determine the atomic number of an element.

Question 39

What is a **Neutron**?

Answer 39

* Charge: 0 * Location: Inside the nucleus * Mass: +1 * Role: Changes the mass ## Footnote Neutrons contribute to the atomic mass but do not affect the charge.

Question 40

What is an **Electron**?

Answer 40

* Charge: -1 * Location: Outside the nucleus * Mass: 0 * Role: Changes the charge of the atom ## Footnote Electrons are involved in chemical bonding.

Question 41

What is the **Atomic Number**?

Answer 41

The number of protons ## Footnote It defines the identity of an element.

Question 42

What is the **Mass Number**?

Answer 42

The mass of the atom, also the number of protons + neutrons ## Footnote It indicates the total number of nucleons in the nucleus.

Question 43

Define **Isotope**.

Answer 43

Atoms with the same element but different neutrons ## Footnote Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Question 44

Define **Ion**.

Answer 44

Atoms with the same element and more or less electrons than protons ## Footnote Ions carry a net charge due to the imbalance of protons and electrons.

Question 45

What are **Electron Shells**?

Answer 45

Where electrons are located; number of rings depends on what row the elements are in ## Footnote Electron shells determine the energy levels of electrons.

Question 46

What are **Valence Electrons**?

Answer 46

Electrons in the outermost ring ## Footnote Valence electrons are important for chemical bonding.

Question 47

How is the **Periodic Table** organized?

Answer 47

* Groups and Periods * Ordered by increasing atomic number * Rows indicate the number of electron shells * Ordered in families with similar properties ## Footnote The periodic table provides a systematic arrangement of elements.

Question 48

What is the **Octet Rule**?

Answer 48

All elements must have 8 valence electrons, except for hydrogen and helium ## Footnote This rule explains the stability of atoms in bonding.

Question 49

What are the differences between **ionic** and **covalent bonds**?

Answer 49

* Ionic bonds: involve metals and nonmetals, transfer of electrons * Covalent bonds: involve nonmetals, sharing of electrons ## Footnote These bonds differ in how they achieve stability.

Question 50

What are **Anions** and **Cations**?

Answer 50

* Anions: negatively charged ions * Cations: positively charged ions ## Footnote The charge of an ion is determined by the loss or gain of electrons.

Question 51

What is the process for **naming Ionic Compounds**?

Answer 51

Identify the metal and nonmetal, name the metal first, and change the nonmetal's ending to '-ide' ## Footnote This naming convention helps identify the components of the compound.

Question 52

What is the purpose of **writing Chemical Formulas for Ionic compounds**?

Answer 52

To represent the ratio of ions in the compound ## Footnote Chemical formulas provide a concise way to convey the composition of a compound.