Untitled Deck

Question 1

What surrounds the entire muscle?

Answer 1

Epimysium

Question 2

What surrounds a fascicle?

Answer 2

Perimysium

Question 3

What surrounds each muscle fiber?

Answer 3

Endomysium

Question 4

What is the muscle cell membrane called?

Answer 4

Sarcolemma

Question 5

Functional unit of the myofibril?

Answer 5

Sarcomere

Question 6

Region containing only myosin?

Answer 6

H-zone

Question 7

Region containing only actin?

Answer 7

I-band

Question 8

Protein that stabilizes myosin?

Answer 8

Titin

Question 9

Protein that blocks myosin binding site at rest?

Answer 9

Tropomyosin

Question 10

Protein that binds Ca2+?

Answer 10

Troponin

Question 11

Which troponin subunit binds Ca2+?

Answer 11

Troponin-C

Question 12

Stores Ca2+ for contraction?

Answer 12

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

Conducts action potential into fiber?

Answer 13

T-tubules

Question 14

Produces ATP?

Answer 14

Mitochondria

Question 15

Define excitation–contraction coupling

Answer 15

Conversion of an electrical signal into a mechanical contraction

Question 16

Neurotransmitter released at NMJ?

Answer 16

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 17

Receptor ACh binds to?

Answer 17

ACh receptor on motor end plate

Question 18

Ion responsible for depolarization?

Answer 18

Na+

Question 19

Voltage sensor in T-tubule?

Answer 19

DHPR

Question 20

Ca2+ release channel in SR?

Answer 20

Ryanodine receptor (RYR)

Question 21

What allows cross-bridge cycling to begin?

Answer 21

Ca2+ binding to troponin

Question 22

What enzyme pumps Ca2+ back into SR?

Answer 22

SERCA (Ca2+-ATPase)

Question 23

Why does muscle relaxation require ATP?

Answer 23

ATP is needed to detach myosin and pump Ca2+ back into SR

Question 24

What causes the power stroke?

Answer 24

Release of Pi and ADP from myosin head

Question 25

What binds to myosin to cause detachment?

Answer 25

ATP

Question 26

What shortens during contraction?

Answer 26

Sarcomeres (not filaments)

Question 27

What stops contraction?

Answer 27

Ca2+ reuptake into SR or Z-disks reaching myosin

Question 28

Type I fibers metabolism?

Answer 28

Oxidative

Question 29

Type IIa metabolism?

Answer 29

Fast oxidative-glycolytic

Question 30

Type IIx metabolism?

Answer 30

Fast glycolytic

Question 31

Which fibers fatigue slowest?

Answer 31

Type I

Question 32

Highest force & power?

Answer 32

Type IIx

Question 33

What determines fiber type?

Answer 33

Alpha motor neuron innervation

Question 34

Order of recruitment?

Answer 34

Type I → Type IIa → Type IIx (size principle)

Question 35

Three main contributors to force?

Answer 35

Motor unit recruitment, firing rate, fiber size

Question 36

Optimal force occurs at what sarcomere length?

Answer 36

Optimal overlap (slight stretch)

Question 37

Which contraction produces highest force?

Answer 37

Eccentric

Question 38

Force without length change?

Answer 38

Isometric

Question 39

Muscle shortens?

Answer 39

Concentric

Question 40

Muscle lengthens under load?

Answer 40

Eccentric

Question 41

Principle that gains reverse?

Answer 41

Reversibility

Question 42

Training adaptations specific to demand?

Answer 42

Specificity

Question 43

Gradually increasing stress?

Answer 43

Progressive overload

Question 44

Systematic variation over time?

Answer 44

Periodization

Question 45

Endurance:

Answer 45

10–15+ reps, 40–70% 1RM, short rest

Question 46

Hypertrophy:

Answer 46

8–12 reps, 70–85% 1RM

Question 47

Strength:

Answer 47

1–5 reps, 85–100% 1RM

Question 48

Power:

Answer 48

1–6 reps, fast velocity

Question 49

Early strength gains due to?

Answer 49

Neural adaptations

Question 50

Chronic hypertrophy caused by?

Answer 50

Increased protein synthesis > breakdown

Question 51

Cause of DOMS?

Answer 51

Eccentric-induced muscle damage & inflammation

Question 52

What is detraining?

Answer 52

Loss of training adaptations with reduced activity

Question 53

VO2max declines primarily due to?

Answer 53

Reduced cardiac output

Question 54

Fiber most affected by aging?

Answer 54

Type II

Question 55

Primary hormonal difference affecting muscle?

Answer 55

Testosterone

Question 56

Are relative strength gains similar?

Answer 56

Yes

Question 57

Fatigue resistance generally higher in?

Answer 57

Females

Question 58

Bicarbonate:

Answer 58

Buffers acid; 1–7 min anaerobic events

Question 59

Caffeine:

Answer 59

CNS stimulant; endurance & power

Question 60

Creatine:

Answer 60

↑ PCr; repeated high-intensity work

Question 61

Ca2+ binds troponin

Question 62

ATP detaches myosin

Question 63

Force = motor units × firing rate

Question 64

Type II fibers atrophy most with age

Question 65

Power = force × velocity

Question 66

If you can explain each starred question without notes, you are exam-ready.