Untitled Deck

Question 1

Why study history of psychology?

Answer 1

To understand modern problems, recognise fads, and find useful ideas.

Question 2

What is presentism?

Answer 2

Interpreting the past using modern concepts and values.

Question 3

What is historicism?

Answer 3

Understanding ideas in their original historical context.

Question 4

What is the zeitgeist?

Answer 4

The cultural and intellectual climate of a time period.

Question 5

Two components of science?

Answer 5

Empirical observation and scientific theory.

Question 6

What is determinism?

Answer 6

The idea that behaviour has causes and is not random.

Question 7

What is Popper’s principle of falsifiability?

Answer 7

A theory must be able to be proven wrong to be scientific.

Question 8

What is Kuhn’s normal science?

Answer 8

Research that solves problems within an accepted paradigm.

Question 9

What stage is psychology in according to Kuhn?

Answer 9

Mostly preparadigmatic.

Question 10

What are persistent questions in psychology?

Answer 10

Mind–body, nature vs nurture, rational vs irrational, origin of knowledge, self, human vs animal, truth, free will.

Question 11

What is physis?

Answer 11

The basic substance or nature of reality.

Question 12

Who were the Sophists?

Answer 12

Teachers who believed truth is relative and focused on persuasion.

Question 13

What did Socrates use to find truth?

Answer 13

Rational questioning to discover essences.

Question 14

What are Plato’s Forms?

Answer 14

Perfect, unchanging abstract realities.

Question 15

What does the Cave Allegory represent?

Answer 15

People mistake appearances for reality; education leads to truth.

Question 16

What is Plato’s reminiscence theory?

Answer 16

Learning is recalling innate knowledge.

Question 17

What are Aristotle’s four causes?

Answer 17

Material, formal, efficient, and final.

Question 18

What is teleology?

Answer 18

Explaining events by their purpose.

Question 19

What are Aristotle’s three souls?

Answer 19

Vegetative, sensitive, and rational.

Question 20

What are Aristotle’s laws of association?

Answer 20

Contiguity, similarity, and contrast.

Question 21

What is Scholasticism?

Answer 21

Combining Aristotle with Christian theology.

Question 22

Who proposed Occam’s Razor?

Answer 22

William of Occam.

Question 23

What is Occam’s Razor?

Answer 23

Prefer the simplest explanation.

Question 24

What is humanism?

Answer 24

Renaissance movement focusing on human potential and classical learning.

Question 25

Who proposed heliocentrism?

Answer 25

Copernicus.

Question 26

Who developed laws of motion and gravity?

Answer 26

Newton.

Question 27

What did Descartes believe about mind and body?

Answer 27

They are separate substances (dualism).

Question 28

What is empiricism?

Answer 28

Knowledge comes from experience.

Question 29

What is associationism?

Answer 29

Ideas become linked through experience.

Question 30

Who said the mind is a blank slate?

Answer 30

John Locke.

Question 31

What are Locke’s sources of knowledge?

Answer 31

Sensation and reflection.

Question 32

What did Berkeley believe about matter?

Answer 32

Matter does not exist; reality is perception.

Question 33

Who said the self is a bundle of perceptions?

Answer 33

David Hume.

Question 34

What are Hume’s three laws of association?

Answer 34

Similarity, contiguity, cause-effect.

Question 35

What did Hartley add to associationism?

Answer 35

Neural vibrations (vibratiuncles).

Question 36

What is mental chemistry?

Answer 36

Ideas combine to form new qualities (J. S. Mill).

Question 37

What is utilitarianism?

Answer 37

Maximizing happiness and minimizing pain.

Question 38

What is sensationalism?

Answer 38

All mental life comes from sensory experience.

Question 39

Who said humans are machines?

Answer 39

La Mettrie.

Question 40

What is Condillac’s sentient statue?

Answer 40

A thought experiment showing all mental abilities arise from sensation.

Question 41

What is positivism?

Answer 41

Only observable facts should be studied.

Question 42

What is Comte’s law of three stages?

Answer 42

Theological, metaphysical, scientific.

Question 43

What did Spinoza believe about God?

Answer 43

God and nature are the same (pantheism).

Question 44

How did Spinoza view mind and body?

Answer 44

Two aspects of the same substance.

Question 45

What are Leibniz’s monads?

Answer 45

Mental units of reality.

Question 46

What are petites perceptions?

Answer 46

Unconscious perceptions.

Question 47

What is preestablished harmony?

Answer 47

Mind and body operate in sync without interaction.

Question 48

What is Kant’s view of the mind?

Answer 48

It actively structures experience.

Question 49

What are categories of thought?

Answer 49

Innate mental frameworks like space and causality.

Question 50

What is the categorical imperative?

Answer 50

Moral rule based on universal duty.

Question 51

What is Hegel’s dialectic?

Answer 51

Progress through conflict and resolution.

Question 52

What is apperceptive mass?

Answer 52

Existing ideas that shape new learning (Herbart).

Question 53

What does romanticism emphasize?

Answer 53

Emotion, individuality, creativity.

Question 54

Who believed humans are naturally good?

Answer 54

Rousseau.

Question 55

What drives behaviour for Schopenhauer?

Answer 55

Will to survive.

Question 56

What are Kierkegaard’s stages of life?

Answer 56

Aesthetic, ethical, religious.

Question 57

What did Nietzsche mean by will to power?

Answer 57

Drive to grow and create oneself.

Question 58

What is the Übermensch?

Answer 58

A person who creates their own values.

Question 59

What is the Bell–Magendie law?

Answer 59

Sensory and motor nerves are separate.

Question 60

What is specific nerve energy?

Answer 60

Sensation depends on which nerve is stimulated.

Question 61

Who measured nerve conduction speed?

Answer 61

Helmholtz.

Question 62

What is unconscious inference?

Answer 62

Perception involves unconscious reasoning.

Question 63

What is Young–Helmholtz theory of colour vision?

Answer 63

Three colour receptors: red, green, blue.

Question 64

What is opponent-process theory?

Answer 64

Colour perception occurs in opposing pairs (Hering).

Question 65

What was phrenology?

Answer 65

Mapping mental traits to skull bumps.

Question 66

Who discovered speech production area?

Answer 66

Broca.

Question 67

What is Weber’s Law?

Answer 67

Change needed is proportional to stimulus size.

Question 68

What is psychophysics?

Answer 68

Study of relation between physical stimuli and sensation.

Question 69

What was Fechner’s contribution?

Answer 69

Measured sensation mathematically.

Question 70

Who founded first psychology lab?

Answer 70

Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 71

What is voluntarism?

Answer 71

Focus on attention and will.

Question 72

What did Wundt study?

Answer 72

Immediate conscious experience.

Question 73

What is mental chronometry?

Answer 73

Measuring mental processes using reaction time.

Question 74

What is structuralism?

Answer 74

Study of mental elements (Titchener).

Question 75

What is intentionality?

Answer 75

Mental acts are directed at objects (Brentano).

Question 76

What was Clever Hans?

Answer 76

Horse responding to human cues, not math.

Question 77

What is imageless thought?

Answer 77

Thinking without mental images (Külpe).

Question 78

What did Ebbinghaus study?

Answer 78

Memory using nonsense syllables.

Question 79

What is the savings method?

Answer 79

Faster relearning shows memory remains.

Question 80

Who proposed natural selection?

Answer 80

Darwin.

Question 81

What is fitness?

Answer 81

Ability to survive and reproduce.

Question 82

Who studied heredity of intelligence?

Answer 82

Galton.

Question 83

What is regression toward the mean?

Answer 83

Extreme traits tend to be less extreme in offspring.

Question 84

What is eugenics?

Answer 84

Selective breeding to improve population.

Question 85

Who created early IQ tests for schools?

Answer 85

Binet.

Question 86

What is mental age?

Answer 86

Level of intellectual functioning.

Question 87

What is general intelligence (g)?

Answer 87

Single underlying intelligence factor (Spearman).

Question 88

Who developed Stanford–Binet?

Answer 88

Terman.

Question 89

Who opposed hereditary-only views of intelligence?

Answer 89

Hollingworth.

Question 90

Who created modern IQ tests?

Answer 90

Wechsler.