1
Q
anatomy
A
the study of structure “to cut apart”
2
Q
physiology
A
the study of the function of body structures
3
Q
microscopic anatomy
A
cytology- cells, histology-tissues
4
Q
gross anatomy
A
large body parts visible to naked eye
5
Q
systemic anatomy
A
gross anatomy of each sytstem
6
Q
regional anatomy
A
landmarks on the outside of the human body
7
Q
situs inversus
A
organs flipped, wrong side
8
Q
tissues
A
groups of similar cells with common function
9
Q
organs
A
two or more tissue types combined, work together to perform specific, complex functions
10
Q
organ system
A
related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function
11
Q
highest level
A
organismal level “college student”
12
Q
bones of the sternum
A
manubrium (handle), gladiolus (small sword), xiphoid (sword shaped)
13
Q
anatomic position
A
stand upright, feet parallel and flat, head level and eyes forward. arms at either side, palms facing forward, thumbs away from body
14
Q
section
A
actual cut or slice
15
Q
plane
A
imaginary flat surface passing through
16
Q
coronal
A
divides body lengthwise, front and back
17
Q
transverse
A
divides body into upper and lower (CT scans)
18
Q
midsagittal
A
left and right halves
19
Q
anterior
A
in front of, toward frontal surface
20
Q
posterior
A
in back of, toward the back surface
21
Q
superior (rostral)
A
closer to the head
22
Q
inferior (caudal)
A
closer to the feetm
23
Q
medial
A
toward midline
24
Q
lateral
A
away from midline of the body
25
ipsilateral
on the same side
26
contralateral
on the opposite side
27
internal
deep
28
external
superficial
29
proximal
closest to point of attachment to trunk
30
distal
firthest from point of attachment to trunk
31
axial region
head neck trunk
32
appendicular region
upper extremity, lower extremity
33
Head, facial region
eyes nose mouth
34
head, cranial region
covers and supports the brain
35
neck
supports the head and permits it to move
36
larynx
adams apple, houses vocal cords
37
trunk, chest (thorax)
breasts, sternal region, armpits (axillary), vertebral region
38
abdomen
navel (unbilicus), mcburneys point
39
mcburneys point
roughly corresponds to the most common location of the base of the appendix where it is attached to the large intestine
40
pelvic region
pubic area, perineum, small of the back, tail, buttox
41
perineum
diamond shaped region containing selected external sex organs and anal opening
42
buttox
common site for intramuscular injections
43
antecubital fossa
small depressed area on the front of elbow
43
upper extremity
shoulder, upper arm, forearm, hand
44
olecranal region
back of the elbow
45
hand (manus)
front (palm), back (dorsum), fingers (digits)
46
lower extremity
hip, upper leg (thigh/femoral), knee
47
patellar region
kneecap, patella "little plate"
48
lower leg
crural region, shin calf ankle
49
popliteal fossa
hollow of the knee, back of knee
50
foot
heel, sole, top (dorsum), toes (digits)
51
posterior (dorsal) body cavity
cranial cavity- brain, vertebral canal - spinal cord
52
ventral body cavity
thoracic (chest), abdominopelvic cavities separated by diaphragm
53
parietal layer
internal surface of the body wall
54
visceral layer
external surface of interal organs
55
thoracic cavity - mediastinum
heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, several major blood vessles. the parietal pleurae on the left aand right lungs laterally, sternum anteriorly, thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, diaphragm inferiorly, thoracic outlet superiorly.
56
pericardium
heart is enclosed by a 2 layer serous membrane
57
parietal pericardium
outermost serous layer
58
visceral pericardium
external surface of the heart
59
pericardial cavity
potential space between parietal and visceral pericardia, contains lubricating serous fluid
60
pulmonary cavities
two bilateral subdivisons of the thoracic cavity lying on either side of the mediastinum, each occupied by a lung
61
pulmonary cavity
space that exists when a lung is removed
62
parietal pleura
lines inner surface of a pulmonary cavity, continuous with visceral pleura
63
pleural cavity
narrow, moist, potential space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, contains lubricating serous fluid
63
abdomminopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity, superior to an imaginary line drawn between the suprior aspects of the hip bones and the pelvic cavity, which is inferior to this line
64
peritoneum
moist, two layered serous membrane that lines abdominopelvic cavity
65
peritoneal cavity
potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum
66
small cavities in head
oral/buccal, nasal, orbital, middle ear
66
retroperitoneal (KUPDACDCRB)
kidneys, ureters, pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, bladder
67
mucous membranes
respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract, reproductive system
68
integument
skin that covers the body, cutaneous layer, nails, hair, skin glands
69
skin
interface between the inside of our bodies and surrounding world, helps maintain our internal environmental balance (homeostasis)
70
dermatology
scientific study/treatment of integumentary system
71
skin
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, vascular tissue, nervous tissue; epidermis and dermis
72
hypodermis
subcutaneous - layer deep to the dermit, DEEP TO: UNDER
73
protection
selectively permeable, protects against mircobes, bumps, scrapes, harmful uv, regenerates itself; prevention of water loss: skin is water resistant
74
burns
damage the skin and allow large amounts of water to escape
75
temperature regulation
hot: vasodilation: release perspiration, heat is dissipated. cold: vasoconstriction: dermal blood vessels constrict, sweat bands inactive, heat is conserved
76
metabolic regulation
vitamin d synthesized from a chemical produced by epidermal cells when exposed to uv. vitamin d essential for absorbing calcium and phosphorus from small intestine
77
uv deprevation
rickets
78
excessive uv
supressed immunity, skin damage, decreased folic acid, increased skin cancer risk
79
immune defense
epidermis contains small # of immune cells (epidermal dendritic cells) that initiate an immune response by phagocytizing (engulfing) pathogens
80
sensory reception
nerve endings in skin that allow detection of heat, cold, touch, pressure, texture, vibration
81
secretion
through perspiration, skin eliminates waste products (water salt urea) skin also contains glands that secrete oily material, lubricating skin surface and hair
82
epidermis
outer portion of skin, stratified into 4 or 5 layers. all but deepest layers are dead cells that contain keratin that toughens skin and makes it water resistant. epidermis of palms, soles, and lips has 5 layers because they experience greater friction
83
stratum basale
keratinocytes- synthesize keratin, melanocytes- produce black brown yellow/brown pigment
84
stratum spinosum
above basale
85
stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of kertinocytes, they begin to die and disintegrate and cells fill up with keratin (keratinization)
86
stratum lucidum
thin, clear region of 2-3 layers of flat dead cells, only found in soles/palms/ips
87
stratum corneum
20-30 layers of flattened, dead, sale like cells with large amounts of keratin, shed as flakes, no nucleus, bloodhounds, real protective layer of the skin. cornification: flattened and hardened as cells migrate to the surface
88
callus
"hardened skin" friction on skin surface stimulates additional mitotic activity of stratum basale, resulting in thicker skin
89
tattoos
must be inserted DEEP TO stratum basale
90
thick skin
lips soles palms: sweat glands, no hair or sebaceous glands
91
thin skin
no stratum lucidum, sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands
92
skin color
melanin, transferred into membrane bound vessicles from melanocytes to keratinocytes in stratum basale
93
melanin
believed to help protect the dna of epidermal cells from damage by uv light and protects folic acid from degredation by uv light
94
hemoglobin
contributes to skin color, bonds to oxygen- red color
deoxygenated blood: maroon, lower oxygen level.
veins appear blue to your eyes because the subcutaneous fat absorbs low frequency light
95
carotene
weak skin pigment, yellow/orange, accumulates inside keratinocytes of the stratum corneum within subcutaneous fat
96
albinism
lack of melanin
97
vitiligo
depigmentation of parts of the skin, melanocytes die
98
cyanosis/acrocyanosis
reduced oxygenation of hemoglovin
99
pallor
paleness, deficiency of erythrocytes, deficiency hemoglobin
100
jaudice
hemoglobin breakdown product (bilirubin)
101
erythema
increased blood flow in dermis because of dilated blood vessels. sunburn, excessive heat, emotions, infection
102
postmortem lividity
livor mortis, 1-2 hours post death, blanch when squeezed, 8 hours post- red blood cells fragment and do not blanch
103
venous marbling
3-5 days, mosaic of discoloration, subdermal blood vessels, caused by bacterial degredation of hemoglobin
104
mole
harmless, localized overgrowth of melanin producing cells
105
freckles
localized areas of excessive melanocyte activity
106
friction ridges
fingerprints. visible ridges of the skin that may form conical pegs (thin skin) or complex arches and whorls (thick skin), formed from large folds and valleys of dermis and epidermis
107
dermis
deeper and thicker than the epidermis. blood vessles nourish living portion of epidermis. contains collagen, highly vascular, has epithelial glands, innervation, elastic fibers
108
gonads
female: ovaries male: testes
produce sex cells called "gametes" which unite at fertilization to form a new individual
109
female
oocytes
110
males
sperm
111
sex
copulation, coitus, sexual intercourse
112
puberty
external sex characteristics become more prominent, breasts grow, penis and scrotum enlargement, pubic hair growth, reproductive organs become fully functional
113
first period/sperm release
menarche, spermarche
114
puberty is initiated by:
hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
115
gamete production
female ONE a month, men 1,000/second, 300 million/ day
116
sperm production
from puberty on
117
periods
fixed number of immature oocytes that are released from puberty until menopause
118
urogenital triangle
clitoris and urethral and vaginal orifices, base of penis and scrotum
119
anal triangle
location of anus in both
120
perineal raphe
fleshy seam that connects the bottom of the vagina to the anal opening, males have much longer perineal raphe
121
anterior "vesicouterine" pouch
forms the space between the uterus posteriorly and the urinary bladder anteriorly
122
posterior "rectouterine" pouch
douglas' cul de sac, forms the space between the uterus anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly
lowest point in the female pelvic cavity and provides a site for surgical entry into the peritoneal cavity (culdocentesis)
123
culdocentesis
needle injected into rectouterine pouch through the vagina to test for pelvic inflammatory disease
124
primary sex organs
ovaries
125
accessory sex organs (female)
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
clitoris
mammary glands
126
ovarian ligament
cord of fibrous connective tissue, anchors each ovary to the lateral wall of the uterus
127
double fold of the peritoneum
mesovarium, attaches to each ovary and secures it to a broad ligament (drape of peritoneum that hangs over the uterus )
128
suspensory ligament
attaches to the lateral edge of each ovary and projects superolaterally to the pelvic wall
129
uterine/fallopian tubes
extend laterally from both sides of the uterus toward the ovaries. oocyte is fertilized by sperm and the pre-embryo begins to develop as it travels toward the uterus
usually takes 3-4 days to reach the lumen of the uterus
mobile and can pick up an egg from an ovary during ovulation
130
fimbriae
finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tube, move and sweep over the ovary to draw the egg into the tube
131
infundibulum
funnel shaped, open ended portion of the uterine tube near the ovary
individual fingerlike folds are called fimbriae
132
mucosa
inner lining
formed from ciliated epithelium and a layer of connective tissue
after ovulation, the cilia on the apical surface of the epithelial cells of the infundibulum and the remainder of the uterine tube begin to beat in the direction of the uterus, drawing the ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube and moving it towards the uterus
133
muscularis
muscular wall
inner circular layer and external longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells
134
serosa
covers outside of fallopian tubes
135
ectopic pregnancy
pre embryo implants at any location other than the inner lining of the main region of the uterus
most common location: uterine tube (tubal pregnancy)
all are aborted because of the risks
136
uterus
pear shaped, thick walled muscular organ within the pelvic cavity
137
anteverted
typical uterus angle, across the suprior surface of the urinary bladder
138
retroverted
positioned posterosuperiorly (projected toward the rectum)
139
uterus' job
site for implantation, nourishes, expels, sheds
140
primary amenorrhea
absense of menstration by age 16 years
141
secondary amenorrhea
absense of menstrual cycle for 6 months or more in persons who have previously had regular periods.
pregnant, hormonal changes, eating disorders, stress, over exercise
142
fundus
broad, curved superior region extending between the lateral attachments of the uterine tubes
143
body
major part of the middle portion of the uterus and is composed of a thick wall of smooth muscle
144
isthmus
narrow transition zone between the body and the cervix
145
cervix
narrow inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina
146
cervical canal
narrow channel that connects to the vagina inferiorly
superior opening: internal os
inferior opening: external os
147
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