Untitled Deck

Question 1

What do alpha cells in the pancreas produce?

Answer 1

glucagon

Glucagon is secreted during the fasting state.

Question 2

What do beta cells in the pancreas produce?

Answer 2

insulin

Insulin is secreted in a fed state.

Question 3

What condition is caused by hypersecretion of GH in children?

Answer 3

Gigantism

It affects the epiphyseal plates resulting in increased height.

Question 4

What condition is caused by hypersecretion of GH in adults?

Answer 4

Acromegaly

It primarily affects the hands, feet, and face.

Question 5

What condition is caused by hyposecretion of GH in children?

Answer 5

Pituitary dwarfism

It slows bone growth resulting in diminished height.

Question 6

What hormones regulate the secretion of GH?

Answer 6

• Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
• Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

GHIH is also known as somatostatin.

Question 7

What are the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) produced in response to?

Answer 7

GH

IGFs stimulate actions required for growth.

Question 8

What is the anti-insulin effect of GH?

Answer 8

Raises blood glucose levels

GH opposes the action of insulin.

Question 9

What does Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) stimulate?

Answer 9

Development and secretory activity of the thyroid gland

TSH is triggered by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

Question 10

What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulate?

Answer 10

Release of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal cortex

ACTH is secreted in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

Question 11

What are the two types of gonadotropins?

Answer 11

• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)

FSH stimulates gamete production, while LH promotes gonadal hormone production.

Question 12

What does Prolactin (PRL) stimulate?

Answer 12

Milk production by the breasts

PRL release is controlled by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH).

Question 13

What are the six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 13

• Growth Hormone (GH)
• Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Prolactin (PRL)

These hormones are released in response to chemical stimuli from the hypothalamus.

Question 14

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

Answer 14

A system where releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus regulate the anterior pituitary

It circulates hormones to control secretion.

Question 15

What hormones are synthesized in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 15

• Oxytocin
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

These hormones are stored in axon terminals and released by action potentials.

Question 16

What is the role of Oxytocin?

Answer 16

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection

It acts through the PIP2-Ca++ second messenger system.

Question 17

What does ADH do?

Answer 17

Inhibits urine formation and promotes water reabsorption

ADH is also known as vasopressin.

Question 18

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 18

A syndrome marked by extreme thirst and huge urine output due to ADH deficiency

It can be life-threatening if not managed properly.

Question 19

What is the thyroid gland shaped like?

Answer 19

Butterfly

It is located in the anterior neck on the trachea.

Question 20

What are the two main hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

Answer 20

• T4 (Thyroxine)
• T3 (Triiodothyronine)

T4 is converted to T3 at target tissues.

Question 21

What are gonadocorticoids?

Answer 21

Adrenal sex hormones

They include weak androgens like androstenedione and DHEA.

Question 22

What is Addison’s Disease caused by?

Answer 22

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Symptoms include weight loss and severe dehydration.

Question 23

What is Cushing’s Disease characterized by?

Answer 23

Excess of glucocorticoids

Symptoms include elevated blood glucose levels and muscle loss.

Question 24

What do glucocorticoids influence?

Answer 24

Energy metabolism of most body cells

Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid.

Question 25

What do **catecholamines** include?

Answer 25

* Epinephrine * Norepinephrine ## Footnote They are produced by the adrenal medulla and are involved in the fight-or-flight response.

Question 26

What does **glucagon** stimulate?

Answer 26

* Breakdown of glycogen to glucose * Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules * Release of glucose into the blood ## Footnote It raises blood glucose levels.

Question 27

What does **insulin** enhance?

Answer 27

Membrane transport of glucose into cells ## Footnote It inhibits glycogen breakdown and conversion of amino acids to glucose.

Question 28

What are the cardinal signs of **Diabetes Mellitus (DM)**?

Answer 28

* Polyuria * Polydipsia * Polyphagia ## Footnote These signs result from high blood glucose levels.

Question 29

What does **aldosterone** regulate?

Answer 29

Electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids ## Footnote It targets kidney tubules to stimulate Na+ reabsorption.

Question 30

What is the **single most abundant cation** in extracellular fluid?

Answer 30

Na+ ## Footnote The amount of Na+ in the body largely determines the volume of the extracellular fluid.

Question 31

Changes in **Na+ concentration** lead to changes in what two physiological parameters?

Answer 31

* Blood volume * Blood pressure ## Footnote Where Na+ goes, water follows.

Question 32

The regulation of **Na+ and K+** is crucial for overall body _______.

Answer 32

homeostasis ## Footnote Their regulation is primarily managed by aldosterone.

Question 33

The adrenal cortex synthesizes steroid hormones called _______.

Answer 33

corticosteroids ## Footnote Steroid hormones are produced from cholesterol.

Question 34

Name the three layers of the **adrenal cortex**.

Answer 34

* Zona glomerulosa * Zona fasciculate * Zona reticularis ## Footnote Each layer produces different types of hormones.

Question 35

Most released **T4 and T3** bind to what type of proteins?

Answer 35

thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs) ## Footnote These proteins are made by the liver.

Question 36

What is the **calorigenic effect** of thyroid hormone?

Answer 36

Increasing basal metabolic rate and body heat production ## Footnote This is achieved by turning on transcription of genes concerned with glucose oxidation.

Question 37

What condition results from **hypothyroidism** in adults?

Answer 37

Myxedema ## Footnote If caused by insufficient iodine availability, a goiter will result.

Question 38

The most common **hyperthyroid pathology** is _______.

Answer 38

Graves’ Disease ## Footnote It is an autoimmune disease where antibodies mimic TSH and stimulate TH release.

Question 39

What hormone controls blood calcium levels?

Answer 39

parathyroid hormone (PTH) ## Footnote PTH is secreted by parathyroid cells.

Question 40

When blood calcium levels decline, PTH stimulates what three actions?

Answer 40

* Stimulates osteoclasts * Enhances reabsorption of Ca++ * Promotes activation of vitamin D ## Footnote These actions help increase blood calcium levels.

Question 41

The **Adrenal Glands** are also known as _______.

Answer 41

Suprarenal glands ## Footnote They are located on top of the kidneys.

Question 42

What are the two functional parts of the adrenal gland?

Answer 42

* Adrenal Medulla * Adrenal Cortex ## Footnote The adrenal gland is known as the stress gland.

Question 43

True or false: **Autocrines** exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them.

Answer 43

TRUE ## Footnote Paracrines act locally but affect different cell types.

Question 44

List some **other organs** that produce and secrete hormones.

Answer 44

* Adipose cells * Thymus gland * Small intestine * Stomach * Kidneys * Heart ## Footnote These organs have other primary functions as well.

Question 45

What are the **three types** of hormones classified chemically?

Answer 45

* Steroid Hormones * Amino Acid Hormones * Peptide Hormones ## Footnote Hormones act at receptors in one of two ways.

Question 46

What is the mechanism of action for **water-soluble hormones**?

Answer 46

Bind to surface cell-membrane receptors ## Footnote This initiates a cell-signaling pathway involving G proteins and secondary messengers.

Question 47

What can persistently low levels of a hormone cause in target cells?

Answer 47

Form additional receptors for that hormone ## Footnote Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentration can decrease the number of receptors.

Question 48

Hormones are regulated by a type of _______ mechanism.

Answer 48

negative feedback ## Footnote This mechanism helps maintain homeostasis.

Question 49

What amino acid produces **melatonin**?

Answer 49

Tryptophan ## Footnote Tryptophan also produces serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter.

Question 50

Target cell activation depends on three factors: blood levels of the hormone, relative number of receptors, and _______.

Answer 50

Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone ## Footnote These factors determine the effectiveness of hormone action.