1
Q
phylogeny
A
origin and history of species over time
2
Q
ontogeny
A
development of individuals over lifespan
3
Q
development
A
process of age-related changes beginning at conception to death
4
Q
plasticity
A
degree to which behavior can change
5
Q
critical and sensitive period
A
specific experience must occur for certain ability to develop
6
Q
sensitive period
A
time in development when particular experience has profound effect
7
Q
Processes of Development Components
A
biological, cognitive, socioemotional
8
Q
Periods of Development: prenatal
A
conception to birth
9
Q
Periods of Development: infancy
A
birth to 18/24 month
10
Q
Periods of Development: early childhood
A
3 to 5 years
11
Q
Periods of Development: middle and late childhood
A
6 to 10/11 yrs
12
Q
Periods of Development: adolescence
A
10/12 yrs to 18/21 yrs
13
Q
Periods of Development: early adulthood
A
20s to 30s
14
Q
Periods of Development: mid adulthood
A
40s to 50s
15
Q
Periods of Development: late adulthood
A
60s to death
16
Q
5 Assumptions of Development
A
lifelong, plastic, multidirectional, multidimensional, contextual
17
Q
5 Assumptions of Development: lifelong
A
changes over lifespan
18
Q
5 Assumptions of Development: plastic
A
open to changes at any time
19
Q
5 Assumptions of Development: multidirectional
A
gains and losses at same time
20
Q
5 Assumptions of Development: multidimensional
A
multiple domains at same time
21
Q
5 Assumptions of Development: contextual
A
multiple interacting influences
22
Q
age-graded influence
A
specific age
23
Q
history-graded influence
A
specific time period
24
Q
cohort effect
A
specific generation
25
non-normative influence
unique individual life event
26
5 Theoretical Perspectives
Psychoanalytic, behaviorism, nativism, constructivism, sociocultural
27
Psychoanalytic Theory
unconscious process, early childhood, internal conflicts
28
Psychoanalytic Theory: key figures (2)
signmund frued: psychosexual stages, development driven by unconscious desires/conflicts
erik erikson: social relationship across lifespan (erikson's psychoscial stages)
29
erikson's psychosocial stages
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (2-3 years)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
5. Identity vs. role confusion (12-18 years)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation: early adulthood
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation: mid adulthood
8. Integrity vs. Despair: late adulthood
30
behaviorism theory
observable behavior shaped by environment
31
Behaviorism Theory: key figures (3)
John B. Watson: founder; behavior is learned NOT innate
B.F. Skinner: operant conditioning
Albert Bandura: observable behaviors of others
32
traditional behaviorism
stim-response association
33
Operant Conditioning
consequences of behavior, created by B.F. Skinner
-positive reinforcement: reward added
-negative reinforcement: averse removed
-punishment: decrease likelihood of behavior
34
social cognitive learning
active processing created by albert bandura
35
Nativism Theory
-biology and genetics
-innate cognitive structures
-object/face perception, grammar, morality
36
Nativism Theory: key figures (3)
Noam Chomsky
Elizabeth Spelke: object permanence
Renee Baillargeon
37
Constructivism Theory
individual builds knowledge through experience
organizing schemas
38
Constructivism Theory: key figures (2)
Jean Piaget: cognitive developmental stages
Barbel Inhelder
39
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Stages
1. sensorimotor: birth - 2 yrs
2. preoperational: 2-7yrs
3.concrete-operational: 7-11 yrs
4. formal-operational: 11+ yrs
40
Sociocultural Theory
social interaction, culture, language shaping development
41
Sociocultural Theory: key figures (2)
Lev Vygotsky: development from social interactions
Uri Brofenbrenner: Ecological Theory
42
zone of proximal development
phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
43
scaffolding
Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance
44
tools of culture
language, symbols, numbers, technology, cultural practices
material tools: physical
symbolic tools: abstract
45
Brofenbrenner's Ecological theory
1. microsystem: setting individual lives in and helps construct
2. mesosystem: relation between microsystems; connection between contexts
3. exosystem: factors individuals had no role in; immediate context 4. macrosystem: culture individual lives in 5.chronosystem: changes over time; affects ALL systems
46
nature
inherited biological predispositons
47
nurture
environment, physical, cultural expectations
48
phenotype
observable traits/behavior
phenotype = genotype + environment
49
genotype
individual genetic makeup
set of genes
50
environment
totality of conditions and circumstances
affects genetic expression
51
behavior genetics
investigate influence of genes and environment on individual differences in behavior
52
heritability estimates
quantifies extent to which individual differences in phenotypic trait of population is due to genetics
- 0 = no relation, 1 = bc of genes - not about individual, but about variation - used in behavior genetics
53
kinship studies
examine patterns in families
54
twin studies
fraternal/dizygotic 2 fertilized ova --> 50% of genes shared
55
identical/monozygotic
1 zygote divided --> 100% genes shared
56
concordance rate
percent of indtances in which both identical twins show trait when present in 1 twin
57
4 types of genotype-environment correlation
passive GE, evocative GE, active GE, G x E
58
passive genotype-environment correlation
enviornment correlates with parent's genotype and envrionment
59
evocative genotype-environment correlation
child's genotype elicits certain behaviors in others
feedback loop on phenotype
ex. talkative children = more convo = better talking skills
60
active genotype-environment correlation
child seeks out environment that fit their genetic-influenced abilities
AKA niche picking
ex. tall adolescent tries basketball
61
gene x environment interaction
enviornment inputs operate on/off
- depending on genotype, individual is at low/high risk to express certain phenotypes
ex. stressful envrionment can trigger more depression in certain people
62
fertilization
reproductive stage when egg + sperm = zygote
63
zygote
cell formed through fertilization
46 chromosomes from 23 (ovum) + 23 (sperm)
64
genes
short segements of DNA
- units of hereditary info - instruction for building proteins
65
DNA
stores genetic information
- makes up chromosomes - in the nucleus
66
amino acid
found in cytoplasm
building blocks of protein
67
alleles
gene variants at given position of chromosome
68
heterozygous alleles
alleles from parents differ
- dominant: expressed regardles
- recessive: only expressed if paired with another recessive
69
homozygous alleles
alleles match
- child develops same phenotypic traits as parents
70
3 periods of prenatal development
germinal, embryonic, fetal
71
Prenatal Development: Germinal period
0-2weeks
zygote
blastocyte
72
blastocyte
an undifferentiated embryonic cell
germinal period
73
Prenatal Development: embryonic period
3-8 weeks
most rapid prenatal changes
groundwork for organs and body systems
- ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm - neural tube
differentiation of cells into different systems
start of life support systems
74
ectoderm
skin and brain
75
mesoderm
bones, muscles, heart, blood
76
endoderm
natural organs
77
neural tube
primitive spinal cord and brain
78
3 life support systems of fetus
amnion, placenta, umbilical cord
79
amnion
membrane of protective covering which embryo floats in amniotic fluid
- control temperature and shock absorption
80
placenta
allows food and oxygen to reach baby and waste to be carried away
81
umbilical cord
connects placenta to organism
82
Prenatal Development: fetal period
9 week - birth
trimesters
83
1st trimester
behavioral changes: kick, fist, suck thumb
physical changes: external gentials, organs, muscles, nervous tissues connects, heartbeat audible with stethescope
84
2nd trimester
mother can feel fetal movements
most brain cells developed
85
3rd trimester
age of viability
cerebral cortex enlarges
wake and sleep more organized
responds to sound from external world
86
age of viability
fetus can survive if born early during the 3rd trimester
87
4 neuronal development stages
proliferation, migration, consolidation, myelination
88
neuronal development stages: proliferation
prenatal
neurogenesis
89
neurogenesis
new neurons are created prenatally
90
neuronal development stages: migration
prenatal
new nerve cells in center of brain move outward
91
neuronal development stages: consolidation
synaptic pruning
92
neuronal development stages: myelination
enclose axon in fatty insulating material
93
general risk factors of a prenatal environment
maternal malnutrition:
- dmg CNS & INC risk of future illness
prolonged, extreme stress:
- risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, premature delivery
- stress hormones = INC fetal heart rate = INC stress reactivity in future
94
teratogens
environmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produce a birth defect
95
APGAR Scale
assessment of 1 min and 5 min after birth
-score of 10
7+ = healthy, 6-4= some problems <3 = emergency
- created by doctor virginia apgar
96
newborn reflexes
built-in reactions to stimuli
- geneticalled carried survival mechanisms
- automatic and involuntary
- most disappear as function of cortical development
97
4 types of newborn reflexes
rooting, sucking, grasping, moro
98
rooting reflex
infant turns to stimulant when cheek is stroked
-effort to suck
99
sucking reflex
when object is in mouth
100
grasping reflex
when smth touches palm
101
moro reflex
when being startled, extension of limbs away from body and then drawing them together
102
infant body size changes
0-4 month = 2x weight
1yr = 3x weight
2yr = 1/5 of adult weight, 1/2 of adult height
103
cephalocaudal development
Development that occurs from the top of the head down to the extremities
104
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
baby going to sleep healthy, but never awakening
105
infant hearing study
done by DeCasper and Spence
- before birth: mothers read Cat in the Hat
- after birth: newborns suck on pacifier that controlled tape recorder
- result: newborns sucked for Cat in the Hat more than others
106
vision in infants
colorblind and nearsigheted
- geometric configuration matters
107
gross motor skills
involves large muscles of body and makes locomotion possible
108
object permanance methods
piaget
method 1: violation of expectation
method 2: habituation/dishabituation
109
Piaget's object permamance method 1
violation of expectation
looking longer after an unexpected than expected event
110
habituation
decreased response to stimulus after repeats
boredome
111
dishabituation
increased response after change in stimulus
112
criticism of piaget
time of development:
- children reach milestones earlier than piaget's stages
sources of development: too many innate capacities
continuity: development is gradual
113
face recognition at 6months
infants discriminate human to human faces and monkey to monkey faces
114
face recongition at 9 months
infants discriminate human to human faces but cant monkey to monkey
115
neonatal imitation
infants match their responses to adult
116
selective imitation of purposeful means
copy actions that seem intentional, not accident
117
self recognition test at <18 months
infants reach out for objects reflected in mirror
- mirror rouge test: touch mirror
no differentiation between self and other
118
self recognition test at >18 months
self recogntion
- mirror rouge test: touch own forehead
differentiation between self and other
119
basic emotions in infants
developed by 6 months
joy, fear, anger, suprise, sadness, disgust
reflexive smile, social smile
120
self conscious emotions
requires understand of self in relation to social norms
2-3 years
121
social referencing
seek info on how to react to unfamiliar object or event by observing someone's reaction
122
attachment
emotional bond between children and caregivers
123
key figures in attachement
b.f skinner, konrad corenz, harry harlow, john bowlby, mary ainsworth
124
4 attachment styles
secure, insecure-ambivalent, insecure-avoidant, insecure-disorganized
125
secure attachment
caregiver is secure
baby is open for exploration
upset at separatio but happy at reunion
126
insecure-ambivalent attachment
aka resistant
cling to caregiver
very little exploration
seek contact but resist effor to comfort
127
insecure-avoidant attachment
indiferrent to caregiver
avoid contact
128
insecure-disorganized attachment
no consistent way of coping with stress
wants to seek caregiver but fearful of them
129
internal working model
influences expectations about social relationships over lifespan
130
bowlby's idea of internal working model
carry attaachment shapes expectations of social relationships
Psych250
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