Untitled Deck

Question 1

470 BCE-400 BCE: Ancient Greek philosopher who taught by questioning; emphasized moral self-examination and the pursuit of virtue.

Answer 1

Socrates

Question 2

427 BCE-347 BCE: Student of Socrates; developed a philosophical system involving Forms, the soul, and objective truth.

Answer 2

Plato

Question 3

19th-century philosopher; emphasized faith, subjectivity, and the “leap of faith.”

Answer 3

Soren Kierkegaard

Question 4

Philosopher who argued that believing without sufficient evidence is morally wrong.

Answer 4

William Clifford

Question 5

1225-1274: Entered school young, but few saw his gifts. Philosophy: Christians can rely on their senses: The heavens declare God’s glory!

Answer 5

Thomas Aquinas

Question 6

Mathematician and philosopher who argued for belief in God based on practical reasoning.

Answer 6

Blaise Pascal

Question 7

True understanding grounded in reason; for Socrates, closely tied to virtue.

Answer 7

Knowledge

Question 8

Moral excellence; for Socrates, knowing the good leads to doing the good.

Answer 8

Virtue

Question 9

Giving each what is due; in Plato, harmony within the soul and society.

Answer 9

Justice

Question 10

What something fundamentally is (its defining nature).

Answer 10

Essence

Question 11

Socrates’ method of questioning to expose contradictions and false beliefs.

Answer 11

Elenctic Method

Question 12

A reasoned discussion using question and answer to reach truth.

Answer 12

Dialectical Argument

Question 13

Plato’s image of human ignorance and enlightenment through knowledge of the Forms.

Answer 13

Allegory of the Cave

Question 14

Reality ordered from physical things to the Forms, with the Form of the Good at the top.

Answer 14

Cosmic Hierarchy (Plato)

Question 15

Ordering values from lesser to greater (e.g., bodily goods < moral goods < spiritual goods).

Answer 15

Hierarchy of Goods

Question 16

Concerned with what is holy or pleasing to the gods.

Answer 16

Piety (Euthyphro)

Question 17

Is something good because God commands it, or does God command it because it is good?

Answer 17

Euthyphro Dilemma

Question 18

Judging actions as worthy of reward or punishment based on responsibility.

Answer 18

Moral Praise or Blame

Question 19

God’s guidance and care over creation.

Answer 19

Providence

Question 20

Belief in a personal, active God.

Answer 20

Theism

Question 21

The view that God’s existence is unknown or unknowable.

Answer 21

Agnosticism

Question 22

The view that faith, not reason, is the basis for religious belief.

Answer 22

Fideism

Question 23

The study of reality beyond the physical (being, cause, existence).

Answer 23

Metaphysics

Question 24

A being that must exist and cannot not exist (God, in Aquinas).

Answer 24

Necessary Being

Question 25

The initial cause of motion that itself is unmoved.

Answer 25

First Mover

Question 26

Reasoning that God exists based on features of the world (motion, causation, contingency).

Answer 26

Aquinas' existence argument

Question 27

Aquinas' 1st Way

Answer 27

Motion: Since no infinite series of movers, there must be a first, unmoved mover.

Question 28

Something cannot be both true and false at the same time.

Answer 28

Principle of non-contradiction

Question 29

An error in reasoning that undermines an argument.

Answer 29

Logical Fallacy

Question 30

An argument where the conclusion logically follows from the premises.

Answer 30

Valid Argument

Question 31

Knowledge gained through observation or experience.

Answer 31

Empirical Fact

Question 32

Speculative: concerned with truth (what is) Practical: concerned with action (what should be done)

Answer 32

Speculative vs. Practical Reason

Question 33

Belief in God is rational because the potential gain outweighs the potential loss.

Answer 33

Pascal's Wager

Question 34

Evaluating choices based on outcomes, risks, and rewards.

Answer 34

Decision Theory

Question 35

Belief should be based only on sufficient evidence.

Answer 35

Evidentialism

Question 36

“It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence.”

Answer 36

Clifford's Principle

Question 37

Aquinas' 2nd Way

Answer 37

Causality: Since no infinite series of causes, there must be a first, uncaused cause.

Question 38

Aquinas' 3rd Way

Answer 38

Contingency: Since contingent beings exist and they can't be from nothing, there must be some necessary being.

Question 39

Aquinas' 4th Way

Answer 39

Grades of Perfection: Since perfections exist and they must be from some being, there must be a perfectly perfect being.