Untitled Deck

Question 1

What is Meiosis?

Answer 1

Cell division that makes gametes with half the usual number of chromosomes

Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction.

Question 2

What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?

Answer 2

• Mitosis: Produces two identical diploid somatic cells
• Meiosis: Produces four genetically different haploid gametes

Mitosis is used for growth and repair, while meiosis is used for sexual reproduction.

Question 3

Define Gamete.

Answer 3

Sex cell (egg or sperm)

Gametes are crucial for sexual reproduction.

Question 4

What is a Somatic cell?

Answer 4

Any body cell that is not a sex cell

Somatic cells make up most of the body’s tissues and organs.

Question 5

What does Haploid (n) mean?

Answer 5

Cell with one set of chromosomes

Haploid cells are produced during meiosis.

Question 6

What does Diploid (2n) mean?

Answer 6

Cell with two sets of chromosomes

Diploid cells are typical of somatic cells.

Question 7

What is an Egg?

Answer 7

Female gamete

Eggs are involved in fertilization to form a zygote.

Question 8

What is a Sperm?

Answer 8

Male gamete

Sperm cells are essential for fertilizing the egg.

Question 9

Define Homologous chromosomes.

Answer 9

Matching chromosome pairs (same genes, possibly different alleles)

Homologous chromosomes are important for genetic diversity.

Question 10

What are Alleles?

Answer 10

Different versions of the same gene

Alleles contribute to genetic variation.

Question 11

What is Fertilization?

Answer 11

Fusion of egg and sperm

Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote.

Question 12

What is a Zygote?

Answer 12

Fertilized egg (first diploid cell of a new organism)

The zygote undergoes cell division to develop into an embryo.

Question 13

Define Dominant allele.

Answer 13

Masks another allele

Dominant alleles determine the phenotype when present.

Question 14

Define Recessive allele.

Answer 14

Expressed only if two copies are present

Recessive alleles can be masked by dominant alleles.

Question 15

What is Incomplete dominance?

Answer 15

Blended trait (neither allele fully dominant)

Incomplete dominance results in a phenotype that is a mix of both alleles.

Question 16

What are the advantages of Sexual reproduction?

Answer 16

• High genetic diversity
• Better survival in changing environments

Sexual reproduction promotes adaptability.

Question 17

What are the disadvantages of Sexual reproduction?

Answer 17

• Slower
• Requires two parents
• More energy

These factors can limit reproductive success.

Question 18

What are the advantages of Asexual reproduction?

Answer 18

• Fast
• One parent needed
• Efficient

Asexual reproduction allows for rapid population growth.

Question 19

What are the disadvantages of Asexual reproduction?

Answer 19

• Little genetic variation
• Vulnerable to disease and environmental changes

A lack of genetic diversity can be detrimental in changing environments.

Question 20

Define Conjugation.

Answer 20

Transfer of genetic material between bacteria

Conjugation is a form of genetic exchange that increases diversity in bacterial populations.

Question 21

What is a Hermaphrodite?

Answer 21

Organism with both male and female reproductive organs

Hermaphrodites can produce both gametes.

Question 22

What are the parts of a flower? Name the male parts.

Answer 22

• Anther
• Filament

The male parts of a flower are collectively known as the stamen.

Question 23

What are the parts of a flower? Name the female parts.

Answer 23

• Stigma
• Style
• Ovary

The female parts of a flower are collectively known as the pistil.

Question 24

What is Pollination?

Answer 24

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma (wind, insects, animals)

Pollination is essential for fertilization in flowering plants.

Question 25

What is **External fertilization**?

Answer 25

Fertilization outside the body (common in fish) ## Footnote External fertilization often involves laying eggs in water.

Question 26

What is **Internal fertilization**?

Answer 26

Fertilization inside the body (reptiles, birds, mammals) ## Footnote Internal fertilization typically provides more protection to the developing embryo.

Question 27

Define **Embryo**.

Answer 27

Early developing organism ## Footnote The embryo stage is crucial for development.

Question 28

What is a **Monocotyledon**?

Answer 28

One seed leaf (corn, grasses) ## Footnote Monocots have distinct characteristics in their leaves and flowers.

Question 29

What is a **Dicotyledon**?

Answer 29

Two seed leaves (beans, roses) ## Footnote Dicots exhibit different growth patterns compared to monocots.

Question 30

What is an **Amniotic egg**?

Answer 30

Egg with protective membranes (reptiles, birds) ## Footnote The amniotic egg allows for reproduction in terrestrial environments.

Question 31

What is a **Monotreme**?

Answer 31

Egg-laying mammal (platypus) ## Footnote Monotremes are unique among mammals for their reproductive method.

Question 32

What is a **Marsupial**?

Answer 32

Mammal with pouch (kangaroo) ## Footnote Marsupials give birth to underdeveloped young that continue developing in a pouch.

Question 33

What is a **Placental mammal**?

Answer 33

Mammal where embryo develops inside uterus (humans) ## Footnote Placental mammals provide nourishment to the embryo through the placenta.

Question 34

What is **Selective breeding**?

Answer 34

Choosing parents with desired traits ## Footnote Selective breeding is used to enhance specific characteristics in plants and animals.

Question 35

What is **Artificial vegetative propagation**?

Answer 35

Growing plants from roots/stems (cuttings) ## Footnote This method allows for the rapid production of new plants.

Question 36

What is **Grafting**?

Answer 36

Joining tissues from different plants ## Footnote Grafting is a common technique in horticulture to combine desirable traits.

Question 37

What is **Recombinant DNA technology**?

Answer 37

Combining DNA from different organisms ## Footnote This technology is used in genetic engineering and biotechnology.

Question 38

What are **GMOs**?

Answer 38

Genetically modified organisms ## Footnote GMOs are developed to increase crop yield, resist pests, and improve nutrition.

Question 39

What is a concern about **GMOs**?

Answer 39

Possible environmental impact, such as reduced biodiversity or unknown long-term effects ## Footnote The debate over GMOs includes ethical and ecological considerations.