Untitled Deck

Question 1

What is an antimicrobial agent? An agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth.

Question 2

Who discovered penicillin? Alexander Fleming in 1928.

Question 3

Who confirmed penicillin as a therapeutic agent? Florey and Chain in 1939.

Question 4

What are the main categories of antimicrobial agents? Antibacterial

Answer 4

antimycobacterial

Question 5

What are the natural sources of antimicrobial drugs? Fungi

Answer 5

bacteria

Question 6

Example antimicrobial from fungi Penicillin

Answer 6

cephalosporin.

Question 7

Example antimicrobial from bacteria Polymyxin B

Answer 7

colistin

Question 8

Example antimicrobial from actinomycetes Aminoglycosides

Answer 8

tetracyclines

Question 9

What are the four major mechanisms of antimicrobial drugs? Cell wall synthesis inhibition

Answer 9

protein synthesis inhibition

Question 10

What is the effect of cell wall inhibitors? Bacterial lysis (bactericidal effect).

Question 11

Examples of cell wall inhibitors Penicillins

Answer 11

cephalosporins

Question 12

Mechanism of β-lactam antibiotics Inhibit penicillin-binding proteins preventing peptidoglycan cross-linking.

Question 13

Examples of β-lactam antibiotics Penicillins

Answer 13

cephalosporins

Question 14

Which penicillin is given orally? Penicillin V and amoxicillin.

Question 15

Main route of penicillin excretion Renal tubular secretion.

Question 16

Major adverse effect of penicillin Hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 17

Symptoms of penicillin hypersensitivity Rash

Answer 17

itching

Question 18

Life-threatening reaction to penicillin Anaphylactic shock.

Question 19

Cephalosporins are derived from which fungus? Cephalosporium.

Question 20

Mechanism of cephalosporins Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Question 21

Which cephalosporins penetrate CSF well? Third-generation cephalosporins.

Question 22

Examples of carbapenems Imipenem

Answer 22

meropenem.

Question 23

Why is imipenem given with cilastatin? To inhibit renal dehydropeptidase that inactivates imipenem.

Question 24

Example of monobactam antibiotic Aztreonam.

Question 25

Advantage of aztreonam No cross-hypersensitivity with penicillin.

Question 26

What does vancomycin bind to? D-Ala-D-Ala peptide in bacterial cell wall.

Question 27

Main use of vancomycin MRSA and resistant gram-positive infections.

Question 28

What ribosomal subunits are targeted by antibiotics? 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits.

Question 29

Mechanism of tetracyclines Bind to 30S ribosome and block aminoacyl-tRNA binding.

Question 30

Why should tetracyclines not be taken with milk? Calcium forms chelates that reduce drug absorption.

Question 31

Why are tetracyclines contraindicated in pregnancy? They deposit in teeth and bones.

Question 32

Mechanism of aminoglycosides Bind to 30S ribosome causing misreading of mRNA.

Question 33

Major toxicities of aminoglycosides Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.

Question 34

Bacteria mainly targeted by aminoglycosides Aerobic gram-negative bacilli.

Question 35

Mechanism of macrolides Bind to 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translocation.

Question 36

Examples of macrolides Erythromycin

Answer 36

azithromycin

Question 37

Mechanism of chloramphenicol Inhibits peptidyl transferase on the 50S ribosomal subunit.

Question 38

Serious adverse effect of chloramphenicol Aplastic anemia.

Question 39

Neonatal toxicity of chloramphenicol Grey baby syndrome.

Question 40

Mechanism of fluoroquinolones Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

Question 41

Examples of fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin

Answer 41

levofloxacin

Question 42

Mechanism of sulfonamides Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase in folate synthesis.

Question 43

Severe adverse effect of sulfonamides Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

Question 44

Mechanism of trimethoprim Inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase.

Question 45

What drugs form co-trimoxazole? Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.

Question 46

Effect of co-trimoxazole combination Synergistic bactericidal effect.

Question 47

Mechanism of metronidazole Forms toxic nitro radicals that damage DNA in anaerobes.

Question 48

Organisms treated by metronidazole Anaerobic bacteria and protozoa.

Question 49

First-line drugs for tuberculosis Isoniazid

Answer 49

rifampicin

Question 50

Mechanism of rifampicin Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Question 51

Three factors influencing antimicrobial selection Disease factors

Answer 51

patient factors

Question 52

Examples of antibiotics safe in pregnancy Amoxicillin

Answer 52

cephalexin

Question 53

Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy Tetracyclines

Answer 53

fluoroquinolones