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Untitled document (3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Race & Ethnicity

A

Race is a social construct based on perceived physical traits. Ethnicity refers to cultural identity such as language, ancestry, or traditions.

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2
Q

Racism

A

Systemic or individual discrimination that leads to unequal opportunities and health outcomes based on race.

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3
Q

Health Disparities

A

Differences in health outcomes between groups, often linked to social, economic, and environmental disadvantages.

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4
Q

Health Equity

A

Everyone has a fair and just opportunity to be healthy by reducing barriers like poverty, racism, and access issues.

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5
Q

Upstream/Downstream Determinants

A

Upstream factors = social and structural causes (housing, policy). Downstream = direct outcomes or behaviors (disease, medication use).

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6
Q

Cultural Competence

A

Ability to understand and work effectively with people from diverse cultural backgrounds.

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7
Q

Community Engagement

A

Working with community members in planning, decision-making, and implementation of programs.

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8
Q

Community Empowerment

A

Giving communities control, resources, and authority to make decisions that improve health.

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9
Q

Cultural Humility

A

Self-reflection and lifelong learning to understand others’ cultures without assuming expertise.

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10
Q

Cultural Awareness

A

Recognizing cultural differences exist and influence experiences.

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11
Q

Cultural Sensitivity

A

Respecting cultural differences and avoiding behaviors that may be offensive.

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12
Q

Efficacy (Self & Collective)

A

Self-efficacy = confidence in one’s ability. Collective efficacy = group belief in joint ability to achieve goals.

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13
Q

Stakeholder

A

Anyone affected by or involved in a program (residents, officials, providers, funders).

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14
Q

Primary/Secondary/Tertiary Prevention

A

Primary prevents disease (vaccines). Secondary detects early (screening). Tertiary manages disease to reduce harm (rehab, treatment).

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15
Q

Demographic Transition

A

Shift from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates with population aging over time.

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16
Q

Population Growth

A

Increase in number of people due to births, decreased deaths, or migration.

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17
Q

Life Expectancy

A

Average number of years a person is expected to live.

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18
Q

Social Support

A

Emotional, informational, or practical support that reduces stress and improves health.

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19
Q

Active Listening

A

Fully focusing on and understanding the speaker to build trust and communication.

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20
Q

Determinants of Health

A

Factors influencing health like environment, genetics, behaviors, policy, social conditions.

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21
Q

Health Literacy

A

Ability to understand health information to make informed decisions; low literacy worsens outcomes.

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22
Q

Nuremberg Code

A

Ethics guidelines created after WWII requiring voluntary consent in research.

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23
Q

Belmont Report

A

Ethical principles for research: respect for persons, beneficence, justice.

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24
Q

Declaration of Helsinki

A

Global research ethics standard protecting human subjects.

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25
Tuskegee Study
Unethical syphilis study where treatment was withheld from Black men without consent.
26
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Approves and monitors research to protect participants; includes scientists, community members, ethicists.
27
HIPAA
Protects patient privacy and controls use of health information.
28
Medicare (A-D)
Federal insurance for elderly + certain disabilities. A = hospital, B = outpatient, C = private advantage plans, D = drugs.
29
Medicaid
Health coverage for low-income individuals jointly funded by state & federal government.
30
SCHIP (CHIP)
Insurance for children in low-income families not eligible for Medicaid.
31
Transactional Leadership
Leader rewards/penalizes based on performance.
32
Autocratic Leadership
Leader makes decisions alone with little input.
33
Charismatic Leadership
Leader inspires through personality and communication.
34
Democratic Leadership
Leader involves group members in decision-making.
35
Special Interest Groups
Organizations influencing policy through advocacy and lobbying.
36
Policy Making Process
Problem → agenda setting → policy design → adoption → implementation → evaluation.
37
Strategic Planning
Setting goals, assessing resources, and developing an action plan for the future.
38
Vectors
Organisms that transmit disease (mosquitoes, ticks).
39
Global Warming
Increasing global temperature caused by greenhouse gases impacting health and environment.
40
Exposure Pathways
How chemicals enter body: inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact.
41
Ozone Layer Threats
Damage from chemicals like CFCs increases UV exposure and skin cancer risk.
42
Lead Poisoning Causes
Old paint, contaminated soil/water, pipes; harms children’s brain development.
43
Air Pollution Sources & Health
Cars, factories, smoke; linked to asthma, heart disease, premature death.
44
Air Pollutants Entering Bloodstream
Fine particles (PM2.5), CO, lead, ozone.
45
Waste Disposal
Managing garbage to prevent contamination, pests, disease.
46
Food Safety & Outbreaks
Preventing illness from contaminated food (salmonella, E. coli).
47
Mesothelioma
Cancer caused by asbestos exposure.
48
WASH
Water, sanitation, hygiene; reduces infectious diseases.
49
Pesticide Risk Groups
Farm workers, children, pregnant women; exposure linked to neurological issues.
50
Integrated Pest Management
Safe pest control using environmental controls before chemicals.
51
Model vs Theory
Theory explains behavior; model is a tool to apply or visualize theory.
52
Theory of Planned Behavior/TRA
Behavior shaped by attitudes, norms, and perceived control.
53
Transtheoretical Model
Stages of change: precontemplation → contemplation → preparation → action → maintenance.
54
Social Cognitive Theory
Behavior influenced by personal factors, environment, observation, and self-efficacy.
55
Health Belief Model
People act based on perceived risk, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action.
56
Ecological Model
Health influenced by multiple levels: individual, interpersonal, community, policy.
57
Diffusion of Innovation
How new ideas spread (innovators → early adopters → majority → laggards).
58
Precaution Adoption Process Model
Stages of decision-making from unaware → action → maintenance.
59
CBPR
Researchers partner with communities to design and share research power.
60
Primary vs Secondary Data
Primary = new data collected. Secondary = existing data used.
61
Mortality/Morbidity Rate
Mortality = death rate. Morbidity = illness rate in population.
62
Incidence/Prevalence
Incidence = new cases. Prevalence = total cases at a time.
63
Vital Statistics
Births, deaths, marriages used for public health decisions.
64
Continuous/Dichotomous Variables
Continuous = measurable scale (age). Dichotomous = two categories (yes/no).
65
Confidence Interval
Range where true value likely falls, showing precision.
66
Incidence Rate Calculation
New cases ÷ population at risk × 1000 (or unit).
67
Mortality Rate Calculation
Deaths ÷ total population × 100000 (or unit).
68
Normal Distribution
Bell-shaped curve where most values cluster around mean.
69
Research Designs
Quantitative = numeric data. Qualitative = experiences/words.
70
Study Designs
Cohort = follow over time. Case-control = compare diseased vs not. Cross-sectional = snapshot.
71
Sensitivity/Specificity
Sensitivity = detects true positives. Specificity = detects true negatives.
72
Predictive Value
Likelihood test result is correct (PPV/NPV).
73
Program Evaluation
Assess if program met goals and improved health.
74
Evaluation Types
Formative = ongoing. Summative = end results. Process = implementation. Impact = behavior change.
75
Logic Model
Visual plan linking inputs → activities → outputs → outcomes.
76
Type I Error
False positive — reject true null.
77
Hypothesis / Null
Hypothesis predicts effect. Null says no effect.
78
Power
Ability to detect true effect when it exists.
79
Validity/Reliability
Validity = measures what it should. Reliability = produces consistent results.
80
Gold Standard
Best available test or method for comparison.
81
Sample Size/Selection
Choosing how many participants and how they’re selected.
82
Random Selection
Everyone has equal chance of being chosen.
83
Open vs Closed Questions
Open = detailed responses. Closed = fixed options.
84
Cost Effectiveness
Compares cost vs health benefit of interventions.
85
Risk Assessment
Identifying hazards and estimating harm likelihood.
86
Systems Thinking
Understanding how interconnected parts influence health outcomes.
87
National Surveys & Datasets
NHIS, NHANES, Vital Statistics, Census — major U.S. health and population data sources.
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