Untitled document-4 Flashcards by Corin Mora

What is the flow of blood through the heart and body?

Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body.

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Which chamber is the largest and strongest, responsible for blood pressure?

Left Ventricle.

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What is pulmonary circulation?

Heart → Lungs → Heart (oxygenation).

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What is systemic circulation?

Heart → Body → Heart (nutrient/oxygen delivery).

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Which vein carries oxygenated blood?

Pulmonary Vein.

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Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?

Pulmonary Artery.

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What is the main difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries carry oxygenated blood, deep. Veins carry deoxygenated blood, superficial.

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What is the exception to arteries/veins oxygenation?

Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.

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How do arteries and veins move blood differently?

Arteries = laminar flow, no valves. Veins = use valves to push blood against gravity.

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What are the main components of blood?

Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets.

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What is the percentage breakdown of blood composition?

Plasma 55%, Platelets + PBMC 1%, RBCs + PMNs 44%.

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What is the main component of plasma?

Water.

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What is the main protein in plasma?

Albumin.

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What is osmotic pressure?

Force that controls water movement in/out of cells, maintains shape, prevents bursting/shrinking.

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Match the body fluids:

Inside cells → Intracellular fluid
Outside cells → Extracellular fluid
Between cells → Interstitial fluid
In vessels → Intravascular fluid
In brain → Cerebrospinal fluid

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What are the 3 major plasma proteins and functions?

Albumin (osmotic pressure), Globulins (antibodies/transport), Fibrinogen (clotting).

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Which protein fixes clots?

Fibrinogen.

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What proteins make up hemoglobin?

2 Alpha, 2 Beta chains (each carries oxygen with iron).

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Which antibody is first responder in infection?

IgM.

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Which antibody is most abundant, providing long-term immunity?

IgG.

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Which antibody is found in secretions (saliva, tears, breast milk)?

IgA.

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Which antibody is on B cells and helps activate them?

IgD.

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Which antibody is involved in allergies and parasite defense?

IgE.

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Acute infection is associated with which immunoglobulin?

IgM.

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Chronic infection is associated with which immunoglobulin?

IgG.

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate = first defense, no memory. Adaptive = memory, stronger response after exposure.

What are antigens?

Foreign particles that trigger immune response.

What are antibodies?

Proteins that attack/neutralize antigens.

Where do blood cells die?

Spleen.

Name the granular leukocytes.

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.

Functions of granular leukocytes?

Neutrophils = fight infection, Eosinophils = parasites/allergies, Basophils = inflammation/allergies.

Name the agranular leukocytes.

Monocytes, Lymphocytes.

Functions of agranular leukocytes?

Monocytes = immune response, Lymphocytes = fight pathogens.

What electrolyte is required for coagulation cascade?

Calcium.

What are the stages of hemostasis?

Primary (platelet plug, weak), Secondary (fibrin clot, strong).

What are the steps of clot formation?

Vessel spasm → Platelets plug → Plasma activation → Cross-linked fibrin clot.

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium.

What protects the heart?

Pericardium + pericardial fluid.

What are the atrioventricular valves?

Tricuspid (right) + Mitral (left).

What are the semilunar valves?

Pulmonary (right) + Aortic (left).

What prevents valve prolapse in ventricles?

Chordae tendineae + Papillary muscles.

What is the septum between atria?

Interatrial septum.

What is the septum between ventricles?

Interventricular septum.

What is the conduction pathway of the heart?

SA node → Bachmann’s bundle → AV node → Bundle of His → RBB/LBB → Purkinje fibers.

Which node is the pacemaker of the heart?

SA node (60–100 bpm).

Which node delays signals to allow ventricles to fill?

AV node.

Which valves close during S1 (lub)?

Mitral + Tricuspid.

Which valves close during S2 (dub)?

Aortic + Pulmonic.

What causes angina pectoris?

70% obstruction of coronary arteries → chest pain.

What causes myocardial infarction?

80% or greater obstruction → heart attack.

What is pulmonary edema?

Fluid buildup in lungs from backflow.

What is peripheral edema?

Swelling in legs from venous blood pooling.

What is DVT?

Blood clot in a deep vein.

What is pulmonary embolism?

Traveling clot blocking lungs.

What is stroke (CVA) vs TIA?

CVA = >30 min, TIA = <30 min.

What is systole vs diastole?

Systole = contraction (depolarization), Diastole = relaxation (repolarization).

What is hypertension?

Chronically high blood pressure, hallmark of cardiovascular disease.

What system regulates BP with water/salt balance?

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

What are the main arteries of the body?

Coronary, Aorta, Brachiocephalic, Carotid, Subclavian, Descending Aorta, Iliac, Femoral, Tibial, Mesenteric, Axillary, Brachial, Radial.

What arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

Anterior cerebral, Middle cerebral, Posterior cerebral arteries.

What is the largest upper body artery?

Aorta.

What is the largest lower body artery?

Femoral.

What are the signs/symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease?

Chest pain, pain radiating to arm/jaw, SOB, fatigue, heart attack.

What are signs of Hypertension?

Often asymptomatic; headache, dizziness, blurred vision, organ damage late.

What are signs of Rheumatic Heart Disease?

Murmurs, SOB, chest discomfort, edema, fatigue, palpitations.

What are signs of Kawasaki’s Disease (children)?

Persistent fever, rash, red eyes, strawberry tongue, swollen hands/feet, peeling skin, enlarged lymph nodes.

What are signs of Valvular Heart Disease?

SOB, fatigue, palpitations, murmur, chest pain, edema.

What are signs of Aneurysm?

Often silent; pulsating mass, abdominal/back pain, rupture → shock.

What are signs of Atherosclerosis?

Chest pain, leg claudication, numbness, high BP, stroke risk.

What are signs of Arrhythmia?

Palpitations, dizziness, SOB, chest discomfort, fainting, sudden cardiac arrest.

What hormone stimulates red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin.

What are normal hemoglobin levels?

Male: 14 g/dL, Female: 12 g/dL.

What is the universal donor blood type?

O-.

What is the universal recipient blood type?

AB+.

What is RhoGAM used for?

Prevents Rh incompatibility in pregnancy.

Untitled document-4 Flashcards

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