1
Q
CPAM (CCAM)
A
Congenital tracheobronchial/acinus malformation • Type 1 large cyst + mucous + cartilage • Type 2 medium cyst no mucous/cartilage • Type 3 small cyst/solid whole lobe • Type 4 distal acinus peripheral cyst • Cystic lesions neonate→child
2
Q
Pulmonary Edema
A
↑ hydrostatic / ↓ oncotic / ↑ permeability / lymph obstruction • Hemosiderin macrophages (heart failure cells)
3
Q
Pulmonary Embolism
A
Embolus (thrombus/fat/air/amniotic) → pulmonary artery → infarction • Sudden chest pain / sudden death
4
Q
NRDS (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
A
Prematurity / maternal DM / C-section → ↓ surfactant → ↑ tension → atelectasis → hypoxia → leakage • Hyaline membrane (fibrin + necrotic cells)
5
Q
ARDS
A
Diffuse alveolar-capillary damage • Refractory hypoxemia • Heavy red boggy lungs • Edema + congestion + hyaline membrane + fibrosis
6
Q
Atelectasis
A
Lung collapse • Resorption (obstruction) • Compression • Contraction (fibrosis)
7
Q
Pneumonia
A
Infection / chemical / radiation • Fever + cough + hyperpnea • Bronchopneumonia (patchy) • Lobar (whole lobe)
8
Q
Miliary TB
A
Hematogenous TB spread • Diffuse granulomas + multinucleated giant cells
9
Q
Pulmonary Fungal Infection
A
Opportunistic/endemic fungi • Organism in tissue (Cryptococcus, Mucor)
10
Q
Emphysema (COPD)
A
Smoking → ↑ protease / ↓ antiprotease → alveolar destruction • ↑ acinus + ↓ recoil • Severe dyspnea • Late cough scant sputum
11
Q
Chronic Bronchitis (COPD)
A
Mucus gland hyperplasia • Reid index >0.4 • Productive cough ≥3 mo/yr × ≥2 yrs • Early sputum, mild dyspnea
12
Q
Asthma
A
IgE mast cell (immediate) + eosinophils (late) • Bronchospasm • Goblet metaplasia + thick BM + smooth muscle ↑ • Curschmann spirals + Charcot-Leyden crystals
13
Q
Bronchiectasis
A
Obstruction + infection → chronic necrotizing destruction • Permanent bronchial dilation
14
Q
Primary Lung Cancer
A
Malignant • Small cell → high metastasis, chemo-sensitive • Non-small cell → less metastatic
15
Q
Pleural Effusion
A
Fluid in pleural space • Inflammatory (serofibrinous/empyema/hemorrhagic) • Non-inflammatory (transudate/hemothorax/chylothorax) • Fluid type = Dx
16
Q
Pneumothorax
A
Air in pleural space (trauma/spontaneous bleb) • Sudden dyspnea + unilateral pleuritic chest pain • Tension → mediastinal shift
17
Q
Condition
A
Pathogenesis + Features/Lab + Treatment
18
Q
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
A
Supply–demand mismatch • Systolic (↓EF, ↓contractility) / Diastolic (↓filling) • SNS + RAAS + ANP → fluid retention + remodeling • Left HF: orthopnea, PND, crackles, pink frothy sputum • Right HF: JVD, edema, ascites, hepatomegaly • Tx: GDMT (ACEi/ARB/ARNI, BB, MRA, SGLT2), loop diuretics, acute → inotrope/vasodilator
19
Q
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD/CAD)
A
Atherosclerosis (>90%) → ↓ coronary perfusion vs demand • Risk: LDL, smoking, HTN, DM • Angina:stable (exertion), unstable (rest/worse), Prinzmetal (spasm) • Tx: risk factor control
20
Q
Acute Coronary Syndrome / MI
A
Plaque rupture → thrombus → ischemia/necrosis • Chest pain >20 min • ECG: hyperacute T → ST↑ → Q wave/T inversion • Troponin ↑ • Tx: urgent reperfusion (time = muscle)
21
Q
Calcific Aortic Stenosis
A
Calcium deposition (aging/bicuspid) • Atherosclerosis-like risk • → LVH → IHD/CHF • Hallmark: most common AS • Tx: surgical (valve)
22
Q
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
A
Myxomatous degeneration (loose collagen + ↑ proteoglycan) → floppy valve → prolapse to LA • Features: asymptomatic / chest pain / palpitations • ↑ IE risk
23
Q
Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
A
Post-strep immune → Aschoff bodies (Anitschkow cells) • Acute: small vegetations (line of closure) • Chronic: fibrosis + commissural fusion → mitral stenosis • Features: erythema marginatum, nodules, PR prolong • ASO ↑
24
Q
Hypertension
A
≥140/90 • Essential (multifactorial: genetics, Na retention, vasoconstriction) • Secondary (renal/endocrine) • RAAS + CO + SVR control • Risk factor for atherosclerosis/CHF • Tx:antihypertensives (Nicardipine, Labetalol in emergency)
25
Acyanotic CHD (L→R shunt)
↑ pulmonary blood flow (volume overload) • VSD: most common, LAE + LVH • ASD: RAE + RVH, rsR’ (incomplete RBBB) • PDA: LAE + LVH + large aorta • Tx: observe / anti-CHF / closure (Qp:Qs >1.5)
26
Cyanotic CHD (Tetralogy of Fallot)
R→L shunt • TOF: RVOT obstruction + VSD + overriding aorta + RVH • Features: cyanosis, hypoxic spells (infundibular spasm) • Tx (spell): knee-chest, O₂, morphine, vasopressor • Surgery definitive
27
Condition
Pathogenesis + Features/Lab + Treatment
28
Shock
Hypoperfusion → anaerobic metabolism → lactic acidosis • Types: Hypovolemic (↓CVP, ↓CO, ↑SVR) • Cardiogenic (↑CVP, ↓CO) • Distributive (↓SVR, ↑CO early) • Obstructive (↓CO, ↑CVP) • Features: tachycardia, oliguria, cold skin (warm in distributive) • Pulsus paradoxus (obstructive) • Tx: VIP (Ventilate, Infuse, Pump)
29
Acute Pericarditis
Pericardial inflammation • ECG: diffuse ST↑ (concave) + PR↓ • Echo: effusion
30
Aortic Aneurysm / Acute Aortic Syndrome
Vessel dilation ≥1.5× • Dissection (intimal tear) / hematoma / ulcer • Wide mediastinum • Risk rupture/tamponade • Tx: BP control (Nicardipine, Labetalol)
31
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) / Acute Limb Ischemia
Atherosclerosis → ↓ limb perfusion • Acute occlusion → anaerobic injury + reperfusion ROS • 6 Ps:pain, pallor, pulseless, cold, paresthesia, paralysis • Chronic → ulcers/gangrene • Tx: reperfusion (rtPA, heparin)
32
DVT & Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Virchow triad: endothelial injury + stasis + hypercoagulable • Venous valve damage → venous HTN → edema/inflammation • DVT: leg swelling, PE risk, phlegmasia cerulea dolens • CVI: edema + ulcers (C1–C6) • Tx: anticoagulation (heparin), thrombolysis, thrombectomy
33
Graves Disease
Autoimmune IgG → TSH receptor stimulation → ↑T3/T4 ↓TSH • Triad: hyperthyroid + exophthalmos + dermopathy • Palpitation, weight loss, heat intolerance
34
Subacute Thyroiditis (De Quervain)
Transient inflammatory thyroiditis • Painful enlarged thyroid • Giant cells engulfing colloid
35
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Autoimmune destruction • Diffuse goiter • Lymphoid follicles + germinal center • Hürthle cells
36
Thyroid Carcinoma
Papillary → radiation, Orphan Annie nuclei, grooves, inclusions • Medullary → C-cells, amyloid, chromogranin+ • Anaplastic → pleomorphic, aggressive
37
Secondary/Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
CKD → ↑PO₄ → ↓Ca → ↑PTH (secondary) • Tertiary → autonomous PTH • Lab: ↑PTH, ↑PO₄, ↓Ca (secondary) • Hyperplasia
38
Parathyroid Adenoma
Benign neoplasm → ↑PTH • Hypercellular mass → hyperparathyroidism
39
Hypoparathyroidism
↓PTH (surgery/autoimmune/genetic) → hypocalcemia • Paresthesia, muscle cramps
40
Pituitary Adenoma
Functional/nonfunctional tumor • Mass effect: bitemporal hemianopia, headache • Apoplexy (hemorrhage) • Monotonous cells
41
Hypopituitarism
↓ anterior pituitary (Sheehan/autoimmune/LCH) • ↓GH → dwarfism • ↓PRL → no lactation • ↓ACTH → adrenal insuff • ↓TSH
42
Acromegaly
GH adenoma → ↑GH + ↑IGF-1 • Large hands/feet, organomegaly • OGTT: GH not suppressed
43
Prolactinoma
↑ prolactin (lactotroph adenoma) • Galactorrhea + amenorrhea + infertility + hypogonadism
44
Cushing Syndrome
↑ cortisol • ACTH-dependent (pituitary/ectopic) vs independent (adrenal) • Moon face, central obesity, striae, HTN, osteoporosis
45
Hyperaldosteronism
↑ aldosterone • Primary (Conn) → ↓renin • Secondary → ↑renin • Triad: HTN + hypernatremia + hypokalemia
46
Addison Disease (Chronic AI)
Adrenal cortex destruction (autoimmune/TB) • Hyperpigmentation (↑ACTH/MSH) • Hypotension, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
47
Acute AI (Waterhouse-Friderichsen)
Adrenal hemorrhage (sepsis, N. meningitidis) • Shock + hypotension + fever + abdominal pain
48
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Enzyme defect → ↓cortisol → ↑ACTH → adrenal hyperplasia • Diffuse/nodular enlargement
49
Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal medulla tumor → ↑ catecholamines • HTN, sympathetic overdrive • Hemorrhagic tumor
50
Pancreatic NETs (General)
Islet cell tumors • Functional vs nonfunctional • Assoc. MEN1/VHL/NF1
51
Insulinoma
↑ insulin • Whipple triad: hypoglycemia + low glucose + relief with glucose
52
Gastrinoma
↑ gastrin • Zollinger-Ellison: severe ulcers + GERD + diarrhea
53
Glucagonoma
↑ glucagon • 4 Ds: diabetes, dermatitis (NME), DVT, depression
54
VIPoma
↑ VIP • WDHA: watery diarrhea + hypokalemia + achlorhydria
55
Esophageal Atresia + TEF
Congenital failure esophagus ± fistula to trachea • Aspiration, choking, pneumonia • Assoc: VACTERL
56
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Diaphragm defect (L>R) → abdominal organs in thorax • Pulmonary hypoplasia → respiratory distress
57
Gastroschisis vs Omphalocele
Abdominal wall defect • Gastroschisis → no sac, environmental • Omphalocele → sac, chromosomal • Visible bowel outside
58
Meckel Diverticulum
Persistent vitelline duct → true diverticulum • Most common congenital GI anomaly
59
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Pyloric muscle hyperplasia → gastric outlet obstruction • Projectile non-bilious vomiting
60
Functional Esophageal Disorders
Achalasia → ↓NO, ↑LES tone, aperistalsis • Diffuse spasm → simultaneous contractions • Nutcracker → high amplitude • Dysphagia + chest pain • Corkscrew (spasm)
61
Mechanical Esophageal Obstruction
Webs (partial) / Schatzki ring (circumferential) • Dysphagia
62
Mallory-Weiss vs Boerhaave
MW → mucosal tear (retching) → hematemesis • Boerhaave → transmural rupture → shock + mediastinitis
63
Esophageal Varices
Portal HTN (cirrhosis) → dilated veins • Risk massive bleeding
64
Esophagitis
Infectious (HSV punched-out, CMV shallow, Candida plaques) • GERD (acid reflux) • Eosinophilic (allergic, rings/furrows) • GERD Tx: PPI
65
Barrett Esophagus
Chronic GERD → intestinal metaplasia (goblet cells) • ↑ risk adenocarcinoma • Red velvety mucosa
66
Esophageal Cancer
Adeno → Barrett sequence, mucin glands • SCC → smoking/alcohol/hot drinks • SCC most common GI CA
67
Acute Gastritis / Stress Ulcer
NSAIDs ↓COX • H. pylori • stress → ischemia + ↑acid • Trauma pts → prophylaxis • Tx: PPI
68
Chronic Gastritis
H. pylori → ↑gastrin → ↑acid → ulcer → metaplasia • Autoimmune → ↓parietal → achlorhydria + pernicious anemia • Tx: antibiotics + PPI
69
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Acid + NSAID + H. pylori → deep ulcer • Pain 1–3h after meal, relieved by food • Comp: bleed/perforation • Tx: PPI + antibiotics
70
Zollinger-Ellison (Gastrinoma)
↑ gastrin → parietal hyperplasia → ↑acid • Ulcer + GERD + diarrhea
71
Gastric Tumors
Hyperplastic polyps (H. pylori) • Fundic polyps (PPI) • Adeno intestinal (mass) • Diffuse (CDH1, signet ring) • GIST (KIT) • MALT (H. pylori) • Tx: Imatinib (GIST)
72
Hepatocellular Injury
Reversible (steatosis, cholestasis) • Irreversible (necrosis, apoptosis) • Ballooning, fibrosis, regeneration
73
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Viral → chronic → cirrhosis/HCC • HBsAg, anti-HBc • Prevention: vaccine
74
NASH
Metabolic → steatohepatitis (no alcohol) • Ballooning + inflammation + fibrosis
75
DILI
Drug/toxin → hepatocellular or cholestatic injury • Clinical correlation key
76
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Immune attack liver • ANA + anti-smooth muscle Ab • ↑LFT
77
PSC / PBC
PSC → fibrosis, assoc IBD, → cholangiocarcinoma • PBC → autoimmune bile duct destruction → cirrhosis
78
Hepatic Tumors
FNH → central scar • Hemangioma • Adenoma (OCP, rupture risk) • HCC (↑AFP, cirrhosis) • Hepatoblastoma (child, lung mets) • Cholangiocarcinoma
79
Gallstones / Cholecystitis / Cholesterolosis
Stones (cholesterol/bilirubin) → obstruction • RUQ pain (female, forty, fat) • Chronic → Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus • Cholesterolosis → foamy macrophage
80
Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma
Chronic stones irritation → cancer • Poor prognosis
81
Acute Pancreatitis
Enzyme activation (alcohol, gallstones) • Epigastric pain → back + ↑amylase/lipase
82
Chronic Pancreatitis
Recurrent injury → fibrosis → loss exocrine/endocrine • Malabsorption + chronic pain
83
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma / Pseudocyst
Adeno → smoking, mutations • Jaundice + weight loss + DVT + new DM • Pseudocyst → no epithelial lining
84
Hymenolepis nana
Grain pest ingestion • Diarrhea ± bloody mucus + anal pruritus
85
Giardia lamblia
Contaminated water • Ventral disc → mucosal damage • Steatorrhea, foul greasy stool, malabsorption, weight loss • Tx: metronidazole/tinidazole/nitazoxanide
86
Trichinella spiralis
Undercooked pork → larvae encyst in muscle • Myalgia + periorbital edema + fever
87
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
Hand-to-mouth, retroinfection • Night perianal pruritus
88
Shigella spp.
Shiga toxin → mucosal damage • Bloody diarrhea (dysentery) • Comp: HUS, reactive arthritis
89
EHEC (E. coli O157:H7)
Shiga-like toxin • Bloody diarrhea, no fever • Comp: HUS
90
Vibrio cholerae
AB toxin → ↑cAMP → massive secretion • Rice-water stool, severe dehydration
91
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Seafood → hemolysin • Watery diarrhea
92
Campylobacter jejuni
CDT toxin → apoptosis • Bloody diarrhea + severe abdominal pain • Assoc: Guillain-Barré
93
Helicobacter pylori
Urease → ammonia → mucosal damage • Gastritis, ulcers
94
Yersinia enterocolitica
Animal source → invasion • Enterocolitis, pseudoappendicitis
95
Listeria monocytogenes
Raw food → systemic spread • Flu-like + meningitis (pregnancy)
96
Staphylococcus aureus
Preformed toxin • Rapid-onset vomiting
97
Clostridium botulinum
Neurotoxin → ↓ACh release • Flaccid paralysis
98
Salmonella spp.
Invasive enteric pathogen • Diarrhea ± systemic • Assoc: reactive arthritis
99
ATI / ATN
Ischemia/toxins → tubular injury (PCT) • Phases: initiation (↑BUN, oliguria) → maintenance (oliguria, acidosis) → recovery (polyuria, ↓K) • Reversible (~95%)
100
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis (TIN)
Drug-induced (penicillin, NSAIDs, PPIs) → lymphocyte + eosinophil infiltration • Polyuria, sterile pyuria, no nephritic/nephrotic
101
Drug-Induced Nephritis
Hypersensitivity / NSAIDs ↓PG → ischemia • Fever + rash + eosinophilia + AKI + hematuria + mild proteinuria
102
Pyelonephritis
Bacterial UTI (E. coli, Proteus) • Acute → neutrophils, abscess • Chronic → scarring • Fever + flank pain • Tx: antibiotics
103
Condition
Pathogenesis + Features/Lab + Treatment
104
APGN
Post-infectious immune complex (Strep, HBV) • Nephritic + periorbital edema + low C3 + ASO↑ • Hump deposits
105
IgA Nephropathy
Mesangial IgA deposition • Recurrent hematuria (most common GN)
106
Alport Syndrome
COL4 mutation → GBM splitting • Hematuria + hearing loss + eye defects
107
Thin BM Disease
COL4 mutation • Benign familial hematuria
108
RPGN (Crescentic GN)
Rapid injury → crescents • Severe oliguria • Hemoptysis → Goodpasture
109
Anti-GBM Disease
Auto-Ab vs GBM • Linear IF pattern
110
Minimal Change Disease
Podocyte effacement • Nephrotic, massive proteinuria • Steroid responsive
111
IgM Nephropathy
Mesangial proliferation • → FSGS • Steroid responsive
112
FSGS
Segmental sclerosis (HIV, SLE, HTN) • → ESRD • Poor steroid response
113
Membranous Nephropathy
Subepithelial deposits (PLA2R, HBV, NSAIDs, SLE) • Severe nephrotic
114
MPGN
Immune deposits → lobular GN • Ribbon-like, low complement • Mixed syndrome
115
C3 GN
Alternative complement defect • ↓C3 normal C4
116
Systemic GN
Lupus → immune complex • DM → Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules • Amyloid → Congo red +
117
Condition
Pathogenesis + Features/Lab + Treatment
118
ADPKD
PKD1/2 mutation • Adult, large bilateral cysts + liver cyst + berry aneurysm
119
ARPKD
PKHD1 mutation • Neonate, small cysts + hepatic fibrosis
120
Acquired Cystic Disease
ESRD/dialysis → cysts • ↑ RCC risk
121
Obstruction / Hydronephrosis
Stone/tumor/congenital → dilation pelvis • Renal colic + hematuria
122
Nephrolithiasis
Stone formation • Severe colicky pain + hematuria + recurrence
123
Cystitis
Bladder infection (E. coli) • Frequency + dysuria + suprapubic pain • Schistosoma → SCC • Tx: antibiotics
124
Urethritis
Infection (Neisseria, Chlamydia) • Reactive arthritis triad (urethritis + arthritis + conjunctivitis)
125
BPH
Prostate nodular hyperplasia • Most common obstruction in men
126
HUS
Shiga toxin / complement dysregulation → endothelial injury • Triad: MAHA + thrombocytopenia + AKI • Preceded by bloody diarrhea • Tx: supportive
127
Angiomyolipoma
Benign (fat + vessels) • Assoc Tuberous sclerosis
128
RCC
Clear cell (VHL, PCT, yellow) • Papillary (MET) • Chromophobe • Smoking risk
129
Urothelial Carcinoma
Transitional epithelium • Painless hematuria • Risk: smoking, cyclophosphamide, Schistosoma
130
Wilms Tumor
Pediatric (WT1/WT2) • Triphasic: blastema + epithelium + stroma
131
Urethral Caruncle
Benign inflammatory lesion • Small red painful mass (older female)
132
Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
↓Fe → ↓Hb synthesis → microcytic hypochromic • Labs: ↓Fe ↓ferritin ↑TIBC ↓TSAT RPI<2 • Cause: blood loss/malabsorption • Tx: treat cause
133
Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)
IL-6 → ↑hepcidin → ↓ferroportin → iron trapping • Labs: ↓Fe normal/↑ferritin ↓/normal TIBC
134
Megaloblastic Anemia
↓B12/folate → ↓DNA synthesis • Macrocytosis MCV>100 hyperseg neutrophils • B12: neuro deficit • Tx: B12/folate
135
Aplastic Anemia
BM failure → pancytopenia • Hypocellular fatty marrow • No organomegaly • Tx: immunosuppress/BMT
136
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Spectrin/ankyrin defect → ↓deformability → splenic destruction • Spherocytes + osmotic fragility • Coombs– • Tx: splenectomy
137
Hereditary Ovalocytosis
SLC4A1 mutation → rigid RBC • ≥25% ovalocytes • Tx: supportive
138
G6PD Deficiency
↓NADPH → oxidative damage • Triggers: drugs/fava/infection • Bite cells Heinz bodies hemoglobinuria • Tx: avoid triggers
139
Thalassemia (HbH)
↓globin synthesis → β₄ tetramers • Microcytic target cells ↑retic • Tx: transfusion + chelation
140
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)
IgG (warm) extravascular / IgM (cold) complement • Spherocytes + Coombs+ • Tx: steroids rituximab splenectomy
141
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
PIGA mutation → ↓CD55/59 → complement lysis • Hemoglobinuria • Flow cytometry • Tx: eculizumab
142
ITP
IgG vs platelets → splenic destruction • Isolated ↓platelets petechiae • Tx: steroids IVIG
143
TTP
↓ADAMTS13 → ↑UL-vWF → microthrombi • Pentad MAHA + neuro + fever • Tx: plasma exchange
144
HUS
Shiga toxin → endothelial injury • MAHA + renal failure + thrombocytopenia • Tx: supportive
145
DIC
Systemic coagulation → consumption • ↑PT ↑aPTT ↓fibrinogen ↑D-dimer • Tx: treat cause + FFP
146
Vitamin K Deficiency
↓γ-carboxylation II VII IX X • ↑PT → ↑aPTT • Bleeding neonates • Tx: vitamin K
147
vWD
↓vWF → ↓platelet adhesion ± ↓Factor VIII • Mucosal bleeding • Tx: DDAVP
148
APDE
Eosinophilia → platelet dysfunction • Bleeding + eosinophilia • Tx: treat parasite
149
Purpura Fulminans
↓Protein C/S → thrombosis • Skin necrosis DIC-like • Tx: FFP/protein C
150
AML
Myeloid blast proliferation ≥20% • MPO+ CD13/33 • t(15;17) • Tx: chemo
151
ALL
Lymphoblast proliferation ≥20% • TdT+ PAS+ • Children • Tx: chemo
152
CML
BCR-ABL t(9;22) → tyrosine kinase • ↑WBC basophilia ↓LAP • Tx: imatinib
153
Polycythemia Vera
JAK2 mutation → ↑RBC • ↑Hb ↓EPO • Tx: phlebotomy aspirin
154
Essential Thrombocythemia
↑platelets ≥450 • JAK2/CALR/MPL • Thrombosis + bleeding • Tx: aspirin
155
Primary Myelofibrosis
Cytokines → fibrosis → extramedullary hematopoiesis • Tear-drop cells • Tx: ruxolitinib
156
MDS
Stem cell dysplasia → ineffective hematopoiesis • Hypercellular BM cytopenia • Tx: supportive
157
Multiple Myeloma
Plasma cell clone → M protein • CRAB + rouleaux + Bence-Jones • Tx: —
158
Lymphoma (DLBCL)
B-cell malignancy • CD19 CD20 BCL6 • LN biopsy • Tx: R-CHOP
159
Leukemoid Reaction
Reactive neutrophilia • ↑LAP toxic granules • Tx: treat cause
160
Drug-Induced Neutropenia
Drug toxicity → ↓ANC <500 • Fever sore throat • Tx: stop drug + G-CSF
161
Iron Deficiency Anemia
↓ iron → ↓ Hb synthesis → microcytic hypochromic; ↓ iron, ↓ ferritin, ↑ TIBC, ↓ transferrin sat, RPI <2; Tx: correct cause
162
Anemia of Chronic Disease
IL-6 → ↑ hepcidin → ↓ ferroportin → iron trapping; ↓ iron, ↑/N ferritin, ↓/N TIBC
163
Megaloblastic Anemia
B12/folate ↓ → ↓ DNA synthesis; MCV >100, hyperseg neutrophils; B12 → neuro; Tx: B12/folate
164
Aplastic Anemia
marrow failure → pancytopenia; hypocellular fat marrow; Tx: immunosuppress / transplant
165
Hereditary Spherocytosis
spectrin/ankyrin defect → extravascular hemolysis; spherocytes, ↑ osmotic fragility, Coombs −; Tx: splenectomy
166
Hereditary Ovalocytosis (SAO)
SLC4A1 deletion → rigid RBC; ≥25% ovalocytes; Tx: none
167
G6PD Deficiency
↓ NADPH → oxidative hemolysis; trigger drugs/fava/infection; bite cells, Heinz bodies; Tx: avoid trigger
168
Thalassemia (Hb H)
α-globin deletion → β₄ tetramers; microcytic, target cells, ↑ retic; Tx: transfusion + chelation
169
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
IgG warm (extra) / IgM cold (intra); Coombs +, spherocytes; Tx: steroids
170
PNH
PIGA → ↓ CD55/59 → complement lysis; hemoglobinuria; Dx: flow cytometry; Tx: eculizumab
171
ITP
IgG vs platelets → splenic destruction; isolated ↓ platelets, petechiae; Tx: steroids/IVIG
172
TTP
↓ ADAMTS13 → ↑ vWF multimers → platelet thrombi; MAHA + thrombocytopenia + neuro + renal + fever; Tx: plasma exchange
173
HUS
shiga toxin → endothelial injury (kidney); MAHA + thrombocytopenia + renal; post-diarrhea; Tx: supportive
174
DIC
systemic coagulation → consumption; ↑ PT/aPTT, ↓ fibrinogen, ↑ D-dimer, ↓ platelets; Tx: treat cause
175
Vitamin K Deficiency
↓ γ-carboxylation → ↓ II, VII, IX, X; ↑ PT → ↑ aPTT; neonatal bleed; Tx: vitamin K
176
von Willebrand Disease
↓ vWF → ↓ platelet adhesion ± ↓ FVIII; mucosal bleed; ↓ vWF activity; Tx: DDAVP
177
APDE
eosinophilia → platelet dysfunction; normal platelet count + bleeding; Tx: treat parasite
178
Purpura Fulminans
↓ protein C/S → thrombosis; skin necrosis, DIC-like; Tx: FFP/protein C
179
AML
myeloid blasts ≥20%, MPO+; CD13,33; Tx: chemo
180
ALL
lymphoblasts ≥20%, TdT+; CD19/10 or CD3; Tx: chemo
181
CML
BCR-ABL t(9;22); leukocytosis + basophilia; ↓ LAP; Tx: imatinib
182
Polycythemia Vera
JAK2 → ↑ RBC; ↑ Hb/Hct, ↓ EPO; Tx: phlebotomy
183
Essential Thrombocythemia
JAK2/CALR/MPL → ↑ platelets ≥450k; thrombosis + bleed; Tx: aspirin
184
Primary Myelofibrosis
cytokines → fibrosis → extramedullary hematopoiesis; splenomegaly, tear drop cells; Tx: ruxolitinib
185
MDS
ineffective hematopoiesis; cytopenia + dysplasia, blasts <20%; → AML risk; Tx: supportive
186
Multiple Myeloma
plasma cells → M protein; CRAB, rouleaux, Bence-Jones;
187
Lymphoma (DLBCL)
lymphoid malignancy; CD19, CD20; Dx: LN biopsy; Tx: R-CHOP
188
Leukemoid Reaction
reactive neutrophilia; ↑ WBC + ↑ LAP, toxic granulation; Tx: treat cause
189
Drug-Induced Agranulocytosis
drug toxicity → ↓ neutrophils (ANC <500); fever, sore throat; Tx: stop drug + G-CSF
190
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
ABO mismatch → complement hemolysis; fever, flank pain, hemoglobinuria, DAT +; Tx: stop transfusion
191
Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
IgG memory vs minor antigen; delayed ↓ Hb, extravascular hemolysis;
192
Condition
Pathogenesis + Features/Labs + Treatment (keywords only)
193
Alzheimer Disease
Aβ plaques + Tau tangles → cholinergic loss (hippocampus, nucleus basalis); memory ↓, cognitive decline, cortical atrophy, hydrocephalus ex vacuo; Tx: AChE inhibitors, memantine, anti-Aβ
194
Parkinson Disease
↓ dopamine (SNc) → ↑ indirect / ↓ direct pathway; α-synuclein (Lewy bodies); TRAP (rest tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural); Tx: dopaminergic
195
Huntington Disease
AD CAG repeat (HTT) → toxic gain; caudate/putamen atrophy; chorea + dementia (30–50y)
196
ALS
SOD1 mutation → oxidative damage; UMN + LMN loss; progressive weakness
197
Prion Disease (CJD)
PrPc → PrPsc (β-sheet) → aggregation; rapid dementia, spongiform, no inflammation; fatal
198
Ischemic Stroke
arterial occlusion → liquefactive necrosis; red neurons (6–48h), cavitation; Tx: thrombolysis (no hemorrhage)
199
Lacunar Infarct
HTN → arteriolosclerosis → deep small infarcts; basal ganglia/thalamus cavities
200
Global Hypoxia
↓ perfusion/O₂ → selective necrosis; CA1, Purkinje, cortex; watershed infarcts
201
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
HTN (deep) / amyloid (lobar) → vessel rupture; sudden neuro deficit
202
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
berry aneurysm rupture → SAH; “worst headache”
203
Epidural Hematoma
middle meningeal artery tear; biconvex CT; rapid deterioration
204
Subdural Hematoma
bridging vein tear; crescent CT; slow onset confusion
205
Diffuse Axonal Injury
angular acceleration → axonal shearing; coma, microglial proliferation
206
Multiple Sclerosis
T-cell (Th1/Th17) → demyelination; optic neuritis, plaques, ↑ CSF IgG
207
Wernicke-Korsakoff
B1 deficiency; mamillary body necrosis; Wernicke (acute) → Korsakoff (confabulation)
208
Subacute Combined Degeneration
B12 ↓ → demyelination; paresthesia, ataxia, spasticity
209
Hepatic Encephalopathy
↑ ammonia → astrocyte dysfunction; asterixis, AMS
210
Diabetic Neuropathy
hyperglycemia → AGE/ROS → nerve ischemia; distal symmetric neuropathy
211
Bacterial Meningitis
pyogenic bacteria; ↑ PMN, ↑ protein, ↓ glucose; pus meninges
212
Viral Meningitis
enterovirus; ↑ lymphocytes, ↑ protein, normal glucose
213
TB Meningitis
granulomas; ↑ protein, ↓ glucose, mononuclear
214
HSV Encephalitis
temporal lobe; Cowdry A inclusions; behavior/memory
215
Rabies
PNS spread; Negri bodies; hydrophobia, paralysis
216
Polio
anterior horn cell; flaccid paralysis
217
PML (JC virus)
oligodendrocyte destruction; demyelination (immunocompromised)
218
Cryptococcus
encapsulated yeast; India ink CSF
219
Toxoplasmosis
ring-enhancing lesions; HIV
220
Cerebral Malaria
RBC sequestration → ischemia; diffuse hemorrhage
221
Glioblastoma
astrocyte tumor; pseudopalisading necrosis, crosses corpus callosum
222
Meningioma
arachnoid cells; whorls + psammoma bodies
223
Oligodendroglioma
IDH + 1p/19q; “fried egg”, calcification
224
Schwannoma
CN VIII tumor; Antoni A/B, Verocay, S100+
225
Medulloblastoma
cerebellar tumor; small blue cells, Homer Wright rosettes
226
Schizophrenia
↑ mesolimbic DA / ↓ mesocortical; +/− symptoms, ventriculomegaly
227
Depression
monoamine ↓, ↑ HPA axis; anhedonia, DST nonsuppression
228
Anxiety
↑ sympathetic + HPA; fear, palpitations, ↑ cortisol
229
Aphasia (Broca)
nonfluent, good comprehension; frontal lesion
230
Aphasia (Wernicke)
fluent, poor comprehension; temporal lesion
231
Aphasia (Conduction)
fluent, poor repetition; arcuate fasciculus
232
Aphasia (Global)
all impaired
233
Apraxia (Ideational)
cannot sequence tasks; parietal
234
Apraxia (Ideomotor)
cannot perform command gestures; SMA/parietal
235
Neural Tube Defects
folate ↓ → failed closure; ↑ AFP; anencephaly / spina bifida
236
Chiari I
tonsillar herniation; adult
237
Chiari II
tonsil + vermis; hydrocephalus + meningomyelocele
238
Syringomyelia
central cavity; cape-like pain/temp loss, preserved vibration, claw hand
Compre pathology
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